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Bones and the Skeletal System
Advanced Biology 2013
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• Bones• Cartilage• Ligaments
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Bones
• Osseous Tissue (Connective tissue)
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Types of Bones• Long Bones
– Longer than they are wide– Produce body movements
• Short Bones– Equal in length and width– Limited motion (Gliding)
• Flat Bones– Enclose and protect soft organs– Provide area for muscle attachment
• Irregular Bones– Vertebrae, Sphenoid, Ethmoid
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Long Bones
• Compact Bone (dense) – surrounds the medullary cavity which contains the bone marrow
• Spongy Bone (cancellous)- loosely organized form of bone tissue– Diaphysis-Shaft, provides leverage– Epiphysis-Expanded head, strengthens the joints
• Articular Cartilage-Where one bone meets another, Hyaline cartilage
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Fig. 30-4
Cartilage
Spongy bone(contains redbone marrow)
Cartilage
Spongybone
Compactbone
CentralcavityYellowbone marrow
Bloodvessels
Fibrousconnectivetissue
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Flat Bones
• 2 layers of compact bone which encloses a middle layer of spongy bone (dipole)
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Bone Cells
• Osteogenic Cells- Bone producing cells• Osteoblasts-Bone forming cells• Osteocytes-Former osteoblasts-help pass
nutrients and chemical signals to each other• Osteoclasts-Bone dissolving cells, on bone
surface
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Bone Marrow
• Red Marrow- Childhood, produces blood cells– In adults, Red marrow is only present in vertebrae,
ribs, sternum, and proximal heads of humerus and femur
• Yellow-Young-middle aged adults, fatty and no longer producing blood cells
• Gelatinous-Old age
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SkeletonFig. 30-3a
Skull
ClavicleScapula
Shouldergirdle
SternumRibsHumerusVertebraRadiusUlnaPelvic girdleCarpals
PhalangesMetacarpals
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
TarsalsMetatarsalsPhalanges
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Fig. 30-3b
Intervertebraldiscs
Hipbone
7 cervicalvertebrae
12 thoracicvertebrae
5 lumbarvertebrae
SacrumCoccyx
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Fractures
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Healing of Fractures
• 1. Hematoma Formation-Clot• 2. Formation of granulation tissue• 3. Callus formation (4-6 weeks)• 4. Remodeling (3 months)
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Joints
• Fibrous Joints- Sutures• Cartilaginous Joints- Vertebrae• Bony Joints- Mandible/frontal bone• Synovial Joints
– Ball and socket, Hinge, Saddle, Pivot, Gliding, and Condyloid
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