Download - BONES
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BONES
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Osteology= study of bones
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• Tissue: Connective• Functions: – Support– Protect soft tissue– Points of attachment for muscles– House blood producing cells– Store inorganic salts
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• 206 bones• 2 main divisions– Axial– Appendicular
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Axial
• Head, Neck, Trunk• Skull• Hyoid bone• Vertebral column• Thoracic Cage (ribs, 12 pairs)• Sternum
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APPENDICULAR
• limbs and bones connecting the limbs to the: PECTORAL GIRDLE (scapula & clavicle), UPPER LIMBS (arms)PELVIC GIRDLE (coxal bones), LOWER LIMBS (legs)
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Bone Classification
• Long bones• Short bones• Flat bones• Irregular bones* Sesamoid bones
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1. Long Bones- have long longitudinal axes ad expanded ends
• EX: forearm, thigh bones2. Short Bones- cube like with lengths/ widths
roughly equal• Ex: wrist, ankles
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3. Flat Bones- platelike structures with broad surfaces
Ex: Ribs, scapulae
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4. Irregular bones- variety of shapes, connected to several bones
Ex: vertebrae, facial bones5. Sesamoid or round bones- small and nodularEx: kneecap
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Long Bone
• Epiphysis- expanded portion at each end of bone, articulates (forms a joint)
• Diaphysis- shaft of bone• Articular cartilage- layer of hyaline cartilage– Proximal epiphysis – nearest to torso– Distal epiphysis- end furthest from torso
• Periosteum- bone covered in a tough vascular covering of fibrous tissue
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pg 194
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• Processes- bony projections for sites of attachment– Provide attachment sites, grooves/openings for
passageways of blood vessels and nerves
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2 Bone Types
1. Compact bone (Cortical) - tightly packed tissue, solid, strong- Wall of diaphysis
2. Spongy Bone (cancellous) - many branching bone plates, covered with a layer of compact bone.
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• Medullar Cavity- hollow chamber within the diaphysis connects to spaces in spongy bone. Filled with soft specialized tissue called bone marrow.
• Endosteum- thin membrane containing bone-forming cells lining medullar cavity
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• Marrow- Red Marrow - mainly in spongy bone in adults.
Produces blood cellsYellow Marrow - fat storage. Replaces much of
the red marrow in diaphysis through childhood
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Microscopic Structures pg 196
• Bone Extracellular Matrix = collagen / inorganic salts
• Osteocytes- located in tiny bony chambers called lacunae– Transport nutrients and waste
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Compact Bone
• Osteon- (harversian system) cylinder unit around central canal– Contain blood vessels, nerve tissue, loose CT
• Central canals – extend longitudinally through bone
• Perforating canal (Volkmann’s canals)- transverse canals connect central canals– Contain blood vessels and nerves
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Spongy bone
• Cells lie within trabeculae• Nutrients from subs. diffusing into the canaliculi
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BONE DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH
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Two types of bones based on development
• 1. INTRAMEMBRANOUS BONES = broad, flat bones of the skull.
• form from membrane-like sheets of connective tissue
• 2. ENDOCHONDRAL BONES =masses of cartilage that are later replaced by bone tissue
• EX: long bones
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Intramembranous Bones
• Osteoblasts appear in CT• Bone forming cells
• Fibers appear in matrix• Calcification occurs– Deposits of salts in matrix
• Osteoblasts become osteocytes
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Endochondral
• Skeleton in cartilage• Bone replaces cartilage• Ossification centers– Areas where bone formation starts– Blood vessels penetrate cartilage
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• ALL BONES START AS HYALINE CARTILAGE, areas gradually turn to bone
• PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (shaft) • SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (ends)
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• Epiphyseal disk (growth plate) is a band of cartilage b/w the epiphysis and diaphysis
• These areas increase bone length as the cells ossify
• Cartilage becomes osteoblasts become osteocytes
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• RESORPTION• OSTEOCLASTS - dissolve bone tissue to release
minerals, process is called RESORPTION
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Factors Affecting Bone Growth
• Absence of Calcium– Deforms bones – children= rickets– Adults= osteomalacia
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• Lack/Excess of growth hormone– Lack - Child= pituitary dwarfism– Excess- child= pituitary gigantism
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• Stress- causes bones to grow, lack of exercise causes bone tissue to waste away
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BONE FRACTURES
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Axial
• Skull Cranium and facial bones• Hyoid bone- floats, helps with swallowing/
supports tongue• Vertebral Column– Sacrum– Coccyx
• Thoracic Cage- 12 pairs of ribs and sternum
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Appendicular
• Pectoral girdle- scapula– Clavicle
• Upper limbs- humerous, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
• Pelvic girdle- coxa, pelvis• Lower Limbs- femur, tibia(large),
fibula(slender), patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
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3 Basic Types of Joints (articulations):
1. SYNARTHROTIC – immoveable joint, such as bones in the skull, these junctions are called SUTURES
2. AMPHIARTHOTIC – slightly moveable joint, vertebrae 3. DIARTHROTIC – freely moveable joint, such as
shoulders, hips, knees, elbows, wrists, fingers…--these joints are enclosed within a fibrous capsule which
contains a lubricating fluid called SYNOVIAL fluid. These are called SYNOVIAL JOINTS.
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Cranium Bones
1. Frontal - anterior portion above eyes2. Parietal – one on each side of the skull, just behind
frontal bone3. Occipital – forms the back of the skull and base of the
cranium4. Temporal – forms parts of the sides and base of
cranium5. Sphenoid – wedged between several other bones in
anterior portion of the cranium6. Ethomoid – form roof of nasal cavity
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Sutures
• 1. Coronal – between frontal and parietal bones
• 2. Lambdoidal – between occipital and parietal bones
• 3. Squamous – between temporal and parietal bones
• 4. Sagittal - between parietal bones
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Facial Bones
immovable and 1 movable jawbone1. Maxillary bones2. Palatine bones3. Zygomatic bones4. Lacrimal bones5. Nasal bones6. Vomer bones7. Inferior nasal conchae8. mandible
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Foremens
• Allow blood vessels/nerves to travel through bone
• Supraorbital foremen• Infraorbital foremen• Mental foremen
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Vertebral column
• 26 bones• Composed of vertebrae• Intravertebral discs connected by ligaments• Protects spinal cord
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Vertebrae
• Cervical = 7 bones• Thoracic = 12 bones• Lumbar= 5 bones• Sacrum=5 fused into 1 bone• Coccyx= 4 fused into 1 bone
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Parts to know
• Body• Intervertebral notch• Lamina• Pedicle• Spinous process• Superior articular process• Transverse foramen • Transverse process
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Sacrum
• Sacral promontory• Superior articular process• Anterior sacral foramen• Posterior sacral foramen• Sacral hiatus• Tubercle of median sacral crest• coccyx
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Thoracic Cage
• Ribs = 24 or 12 pairs• First 7 rib pairs= true ribs, joined to sternum• Last 5 rib pairs= false ribs, – Upper 3 pairs attached by cartilage– Lower 2 pairs= floating ribs
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• Sternum• 3 parts– Upper manubrium– Body– Xiphoid process
• Jugular notch
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Pectoral Girdle
• 2 clavicles• 2 scapulae• Supports upper limbs and attachment for
muscles that move them
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Clavicles
• Articulate with sternum and scapulae
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Scapulae
– Supraspinous fossa– Infraspinous fossa– Acromion process– Coracoid process– Glenoid cavity– Superior border – lateral border (axillary)– Medial border (vertebral)
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Upper Limb
• Framework of arm, forearm, hand• Provide attachments for muscles • Humerus• Radius• Ulna• Carpals• Metacarpals• phalanges
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Humerus
• Long bone, extends from scapulae to elbow• Head fits in glenoid cavity of scapula• Greater tubercle• Lesser tubercle• Intertubercular groove• Anatomical neck• Surgical neck• Deltoid tuberosity• Coronoid fossa• Lateral epicondyle• Capitulum• Olecranon fossa• Medial epicondyle• Trochlea
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Radius
• Thumb side• Shorter than ulna• Top is disk like– Radial tuberosity– Styloid process
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Ulna
• Longer than radius– Trochlear notch– Olecranon process– Coronoid process– Styloid process
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Hand
• Carpals (8)• Mass of 8 bones = carpus– Scaphoid– Capitate– Trapezoid– Trapezium– Lunate– Hamate – Triquetrum– pisiform
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• Metacarpals = 5 bones• Thumb is opposable (#1)
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• Phalanges- finger bones• Proximal/middle/distal phalanx• Thumb lacks middle• Fingers= 14 bones
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Pelvic Girdle
• 2 coxae (hip bones)• Pelvis- coxae, sacrum, coccyx• Supports trunk of body, provides attachments
for lower limbs, protects organs
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Coxae
• Illium, Ischium, Pubis= fuse to form acetabulum
• Illium- largest– Illiac crest– Illiac fossa– Posterior superior iliac spine– Greater sciatic notch– Lesser sciatic notch
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• Ischium- lowest portion of coxa– Ischial tuberosity– Ischial spine
• Pubis- anterior portion of coxa– Symphysis pubis– Pubic arch– Obturator foramen
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Differences b/w male and female
Female bones are broader
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Lower Limbs
• Femur• Patella• Tibia• Fibula• Foot
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Femur
• Longest bone in body• Fovea capitis• Neck• greater trochanter/ lesser trochanter• Linea aspera• Lateral/medial condyles• Medial epicondyle• Lateral epicondyle• Gluteal tuberosity
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Tibia
• Intercondylar eminence• Medial condyle/lateral condyle• Tibial tuberosity• Medial malleolus
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Fibula
• Smaller than tibia• Connects to ankle• Lateral malleolus• head
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Foot
• Ankle= tarsus• 7 bones– Talus– Calcaneus- largest– Navicular– Cuboid– Lateral cuneiform– Intermediate cuneiform– Medial cuniform
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• Metatarsals = 5• Phalanges- shorter than fingers• Proximal phalanx• Middle phalanx• Distal phalanx
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