Black box modelingfor EMC IC modeling
November 17, 2009
Goichi YokomizoSemiconductor Technology Academic Research Center
(STARC)
Shinichiro MitaniHitachi, Ltd.
IEC SC47A/WG2 JPNCOsami Wada47A/826/DTR
IEC/TR 62433-2-1,Ed.1: EMC IC modelling Part 2-1: Theory of (2009-10-23) black box modelling for conducted emission
2
Outline• Purpose• Definition of BBM• Basics of BBM
– BBM of 1-port linear circuit– BBM of N-port linear circuit
• Objective of BBM for EMC• ICEM-CE• BBM expression
– Extraction from design data– Extraction from measurement– Features of BBM expression
• Application example• Summary• Appendix
3
Purpose• For EMC analysis of the electronic equipment using the
IC, it is necessary to model EMC properties of the whole IC compactly.
• A model called ICEM-CE is used, and it was proposed as IEC standard. (IEC 62433-2 (2008-10) Ed. 1.0 English)
• When a model is built by each element in correspondence with the design data of the IC, the problem of the scalewould occur if it were applied to a large-scale IC.
• It is convenient if there is modeling to be able to just use the measurement data with the pins of the IC.
• The following Black box modeling has been studied.
Circulation Date: 2009-08-28Closing Date: 2009-10-23 APPROVED
IEC/TR 62433-2-1,Ed.1: EMC IC modelling Part 2-1: Theory of black box modelling for conducted emission
4
Definition of BBM
• Black box model (BBM) is expressed with an equivalent circuit to see the inside from the external terminals of the circuit.
• The characteristics of a BBM observed from outside is the same (equivalent) as the original circuit, but the structure of the BBM is different from the original one. Then it is not sure whether an internal node of the BBM exists in the actual circuit or not.
Black box model (BBM) supplies
one “Possible” and “Easy” way of Implementation of ICEM-CE,
with keeping internal IPs “Not Open”.
Good for “Data exchange” !
5
ICEM-CE is now being extended to express internal structures (blocks) for practical representation of packaged integrated circuits and SIP.
New Framework of ICEM-CE Modeling
6
Basics of BBM• Circuit elements: A smallest unit of circuit expression is called
an element. For example, it is a resister, a capacitor, or an inductor. An element has two terminals, and its characteristic is defined with the voltage between the terminals vs. the currentthrough the element (Ohm's law). But it is not asked its further internal structure. In other words, it is a BBM.
• Linear circuit: By a circuit theory (Thevenin’s theorem or Norton’s theorem), a linear circuit is able to be converted to an equivalent circuit which has specified nodes of the original circuit as external terminals. (See the next slide.)
• Non-linear circuit: It is not guaranteed that it can be converted into an equivalent BBM circuit. Although a BBM circuit can be made and used by limiting its usage, for example an IBIS modelis a BBM of a non-linear circuit.
7
Thevenin’s Theorem
LinearCircuit
Y I
Admittance
EquivalentCurrent Source
Z
V
Norton’s Theorem
Impedance
EquivalentVoltage Source
BBM of 1-port linear circuit
with internalV.S. or C.S.
“Short Circuit”
“Open Circuit”
8
BBM of N-port linear circuit• Thevenin’s theorem or Norton’s theorem is equivalent expression
for a 1-port circuit. It is necessary to expand this in a multiport circuit.
• For the BBM expression of a multiport circuit, it is common to express with a voltage vector of the ports (V), a current vector of the ports (I), and a circuit matrix (impedance matrix Z, admittance matrix Y, etc.) which expresses the relations between V and I.
• The multiport expression using admittance expression (YV = I) is used in this presentation. It is used widely in circuit simulators based on the nodal analysis method like SPICE.
9
LinearCircuit
Y J1
Basic equation:YV = I + JY: Admittance matrix from PortsJ: Equivalent Current SourceV: Port VoltageI: Port Current
V1・・・
Port1
・・・
PortN
JN VN
I1
IN
BBM of N-port linear circuit
with internalV.S. or C.S.
10
Y
V1J1
・・・
VNJN
IN
Y1NVN
YN(N-1)VN-1
Y12V2
YN1V1
Y11
YNN
・・・
・・・
・・・
I1
BBM of N-port linear circuit
11
Objective of BBM for EMC
• Integrated circuit (IC) and its modeling board
Power/ ground pins
Integrated circuit
Zload
Zload
Zload
Zload
Out
put p
insInput pins
Modeling board
Input signal vector
Z PG
Z PG
Z PG
Z PG
– To activate the IC properly, the IC has to be provided with power supplies, a set of input signals or an input signal vector, and appropriate loads for output pins.
– The modeling board provides minimum requirements for the activation. It supplies power, and input signals to the IC, and it gives typical loads for the output pins. And power/ ground pins of the same category are connected to each other in the modelingboard resulting in one terminal for each category of the power/ ground supply at the interface of the modeling board.
input
loads
power
GND5V 3V
12
• Internal structure of IC part
Input circuits
Input pins
Internal circuits
Output circuits
Power/ ground pins
Out
put p
ins
Power/ ground network
・・・ ・・・ ・・・
Objective of BBM for EMC
or PDN
PDN: Power Distribution Networkor Passive Distribution Network (in ICEM-CE)
13
ICEM-CE• ICEM-CE is a macro model that approximates conducted
emission behaviour of an IC using two types of components, Internal Activity (IA) and Passive Distribution Network (PDN) . These two types of components are connected through Internal Terminals (ITs).
IA IA
Internal terminals
・・・
Passive distribution network (PDN)
External terminals
Internal activity (IA)
14
ICEM-CE• The IAs represent noise sources that originate in switching
of active devices within the IC. And the PDN represents noise propagation characteristics from the internal terminals to the External Terminals (ETs).
IA IA
Internal terminals
・・・
Passive distribution network (PDN)
External terminals
Internal activity (IA)
15
ICEM-CE• ICEM-CE model for the example of an IC and its modeling board
Power/ ground terminals
Input circuits
Power/ ground terminals
Internal circuits
Power/ ground terminals
Output circuits
Power/ ground network
Input signal vector
Zload
Zload
Zload
Zload
Z P G Z P G Z P G Z P G
IA part
PDN part
・・・ ・・・ ・・・
IC PDN part
Board PDN part
PDN in ICEM-CE
16
ICEM-CE• ICEM-CE model for the example of an IC and its modeling board
– The IA part includes input vector generators and output loads on the modeling board.
Power/ ground terminals
Input circuits
Power/ ground terminals
Internal circuits
Power/ ground terminals
Output circuits
Input signal vector
Zload
Zload
Zload
Zload
IA part
・・・ ・・・ ・・・
17
ICEM-CE• ICEM-CE model for the example of an IC and its modeling board
– The PDN part consists of the IC PDN part and Board PDNpart. The IC PDN part consists of the power/ ground network of the die and the package of the IC.
Power/ ground networkZ P G Z P G Z P G Z P G
PDN part
・・・ ・・・ ・・・
IC PDN part
Board PDN part
18
ICEM-CE
• Integrated circuit and its modeling board using ICEM-CE – Computational complexity becomes enormous for SoC.– Extraction of IA, PDN from measurement is not simple.
PDN of IC
IA IA IA IA IA IA
External terminals
Internal terminals・・・ ・・・ ・・・
PDN of BoardExternal terminals
We should know all the internal structure.
19
BBM expression• Structure of BBM
– constructed in the combination of the ICEM-CE components.– regarded as one of the expression of ICEM-CE.
Equivalent PDN[Y'ET ET]
IC Black box model
IA'1
IA'2
IA'n
Equivalent IAs
ET1 ET2 ETnET0
20
Extraction from design data• Initial equation using ICEM-CE modeling from design data
• Final equation using ICEM-CE modeling with BBM
ET
IT
ET
ITITETIT
ITETETET
IAI
VV
YYYY
'' ETETETET IAIVY
ETIT1
ITITITETETETETET' YYYYY
IAYYIA 1ITITITET'
21
Extraction from measurement• Setup for measurement of IA’
– Equivalent IAs can be obtained by measuring under the condition that all the external terminals are RF shorted to the reference terminal.
• Setup for measurement of Y’– Element of equivalent PDN can be
derived from the following equation.
A
ET1 ET2 ETn
AA
ET0
IC
A
ET1 ETj ETn
AA
Vj
ET0
IC
j
iiji
''
VIAI
Y
, at all 0 jiVj
iiji
''
VIAI
Y
, at all 0 jiV
22
BBM expression
Equivalent PDN[Y'ET ET]
IC Black box model
IA'1
IA'2
IA'n
Equivalent IAs
ET1 ET2 ETnET0
j
iiji
''
VIAI
Y
, at all 0 jiVj
iiji
''
VIAI
Y
, at all 0 jiV
'' ETETETET IAIVY
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Features of BBM expression
• The number of IA components is equal to the number of the external ports.The number of PDN components is equal to square of the number of the external ports.– It can be expressed with one number of elements that
does not depend on complexity of the internal structure.• IA and PDN are expressed only by data observed at the
external ports.– Easy to take the agreement with measurement data.– Easy to make a model from measurement data.
• The methodology for implementation of BBMs into an application board is shown in Appendix.
“Benefit” of modeling based on Real Measurement : including all Parasitics
24
Application example• The ICEM-CE model includes the IC, PCB, and power
source models.
IC modelPCB modelPower modelnode (1)
node (2)node (3)
node (1)node (1)
ref.
IA_coreIA_IOs
R10.64
R651.7
R200.01
R40.044
L25.66 n
L33.56 n
L30145 p
L12 n
C26.2 n
C1851 p
C10745 p
IC modelPCB modelPower modelnode (1)
node (2)node (3)
node (1)node (1)
ref.
IA_coreIA_IOs
R10.64
R651.7
R200.01
R40.044
L25.66 n
L33.56 n
L30145 p
L12 n
C26.2 n
C1851 p
C10745 p
IEC 62433-2, Ed.1Annex D(informative)
25
Application example
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.01.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
0.E+00 1.E-07 2.E-07 3.E-07 4.E-07time (s)
Curr
ent (
A)
IA_coreIA_I/Os
• The IC is operated under a 10 MHz clock, and the operational mode needs four machine cycles. Therefore, the cycle time of the operation is 400 ns.
• The Waveforms of the IAs:
26
Application example• The initial IC model using ICEM-CE
• With BBM– The admittance matrix, voltage vector and current vector
become simple complex numbers.
I/Os
core
1
3
2
1
11
3651
365
21
211
21
1365
121
1365
121
00
IAIA
I
VVV
CjLjRLjRCjLjRLjR
LjRLjRLjRLjR
IAI
VV
YYYY ET
IT
ET
IT ITET IT
IT ETET ET
ET IT1
IT ITIT ETET ETET ET' YYYYY
I/Os
core1IT ITIT ET'
IAIA
YYIA
'' 1ET ET IAVY
27
Application example
• Spectrum of equivalent IA:
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
1.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.0E+08 1.0E+09Frequency (Hz)
Cur
rent
(dB
A)
-3.14
0
3.14
Ang
le (R
ad.)
Core currentI/Os currentCore current angleI/Os current angle
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
1.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.0E+08 1.0E+09Frequency (Hz)
Cur
rent
(dB
A)
-3.14
0
3.14
Ang
le (R
ad.)
CurrentAngle
(a) IA_core and IA_I/Os (b) Equivalent IA
28
Application example
• The ICEM-CE model with BBM:
IC modelPCB modelPower modelnode (1)node (1)node (1)
ref.
Y’ETET
R200.01
R40.044
L30145 p
L12 n
C10745 p
IC modelPCB modelPower modelnode (1)node (1)node (1)
ref.
R200.01
R40.044
L30145 p
L12 n
C10745 p
IA’
29
Application example• Noise voltage and noise current
'' 11 IAYYYV
PowerPCBET ET
1VYYII PowerPCBPowerPCB
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09Frequency (Hz)
Noi
se v
olta
ge (d
BV
), cu
rren
t (dB
A)
Noise voltageNoise current
30
Summary
• Black box modeling for EMC analysis is proposed.• The number of elements does not depend on IC internal
structure, and is fixed with the number of the external ports.– Applicable to the EMC modeling of a large-scale IC
core including SoC.• It can be modeled only by the characteristics at the
external ports.– Easy to take the agreement with measurement data.– Easy to make a model from measurement data.
31
IEC 62132-1 : 5. Modelling approaches
5.1 GeneralCE (Conducted Emission), RE (Radiated Emission)CI (Conducted Immunity), RI (Radiated Immunity)
5.2 Black box modelling approach• impedance (Z) matrix• admittance (Y) matrix• fundamental (F) matrix• scattering (S) matrix
5.3 Equivalent circuit modelling approach
LinearCircuit ・
・・
Port 1
Port N
AnalIA - AnalIA +
ZPack
ZDie
Core IA
S
AnalIA
Anal IAS
CoreIA
PDN
Kic2122 = 0.49LicVcc21 = 3.98nHLiCVss22 = 3.98nH
Kic5253 = 0.49LicVcc52 = 3.98nHLicVss53 = 3.98nH
KicAVccGNd = 0.41LicAVcc = 3.98nHLicGnd = 3.98nH
RicVcc211.43
RicVcc520.79
RicVss220.85
RicVss530.62
RicGnd0.47
RicAVcc1.66
CicVcc3.15nF
CicAVcc388pF
VssCorePDN2
VccCorePDN2
VssAnalPDNVccAnalPDN
VssCorePDN1
VccCorePDN1
Core IA -CoreIA +
Vcc
V SS
Chip
Package
V CL
AV cc (1) (10 )
(4)
(7)
5V 5V
3V
R A2.7
R ], L[nH ], C[nF ]
0 .37C A
L A5.4
LV4.2 L CL
3.9R CL
C CL
R IO
C IO
1.05
1.53.8
3.4
86R VR
L S3.1
LPCB2
ICEM-CE
LECCS
BBM
32
Appendix• Configuration of the application board
– The application board contains two ICs, IC-A and IC-B.– The board receives power supplies from the outside environment
through terminal group C.
IC-A[Y'A] [VA] = [IA]+[IA'A]
Terminal group A
IC-B[Y'B] [VB] = [IB]+[IA'B]
Terminal group B
Application board, [YAPP]
Terminal group CZ P
G
Z PG
Z PG
Z PG
Power supplies
33
Equivalent PDN[Y'A]
IC-A Black box model
IA'1
IA'2
IA'n
Equivalent IAsETA1 ETA2 ETAnETA0
Equivalent PDN[Y'B]
IC-B Black box model
IA'1
IA'2
IA'n
Equivalent IAs
Application board model
Equivalent PDN
[YAPP]Z P
G
Z PG
Z PG
Z PG [YPS PS]
ETB1 ETB2 ETBnETB0
Appendix• Setup for simulation of the application board
34
Appendix• BBM for IC-A and IC-B are
• The relationship between [VC] and [IC] is
• The whole application board is
• Adding these equations
AAAA '' IAIVY BBBB '' IAIVY
C
B
A
C
B
A
C CB C AC
C BB B AB
CA BA A A
III
VVV
YYYYYYYYY
CCPS PS IVY
0''
''
B
A
C
B
A
PS PSC CB CA C
C B BB BA B
CA BA AAA
IAIA
VVV
YYYYYYYYYYYY
35
Appendix• [VA], [VB] and [VC] can be derived
• [IA], [IB] and [IC] can be derived
0''
''
B
A1
PS PSC CB CA C
C B BB BA B
CA BA AAA
C
B
A
IAIA
YYYYYYYYYYYY
VVV
0''
''
B
A1
PS PSC CB CA C
C B BB BA B
CA BA AAA
C CB CA C
C BB BA B
CA BA AA
IAIA
YYYYYYYYYYYY
YYYYYYYYY
C
B
A
C CB CA C
C BB BA B
CA BA AA
C
B
A
VVV
YYYYYYYYY
III