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Biosecurity and disease prevention
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Production goals – optimal performance, product quality, disease prevention and control
Production goals – optimal performance, product quality, disease prevention and control
Disease prevention strategies
Probiotics & antioxidant protection help maintain
balance
Optimizing growth and performance
Imbalance leads to the development of disease through opportunistic pathogen attack
Fish condition
Environment Pathogen
Balance
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Husbandry and system stability affect stress response and health
• Direct link between stress parameters and survival and health status (Varsmos et. al. 2005)
• Variable water temperature can trigger dramatic changes in immune status and susceptibility to virus.
• Tank cleaning caused short term acute stress and increased plasma osmolality, decreased IgM levels
• Short periods of sub-clinical disease challenge affect life-long productivity
• Early control of sub-clinical disease challenges is therefore extremely important
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Immune Fn
Blood pressure
Gill damage
Pathogen attack
J Halver
THE DISTRESSED FISH
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Critical point identification in a hatchery environment
Hatchery
Systems layout
Equipment Training of personnel
Dead / moribund fish
Waste water
Procedures
Audits/inspections
Quality control / assurance
Water
MonitoringVisitors & workers
Wild fish
Feeds
Live food
Pellets
Eggs & Larvae
Certification
Inspections process
Fry
Market size fish
Broodstock
Certification
Visitors & workers
Wild fish
Feeds
Live food
Pellets
Visitors & workers
Wild fish
Eggs & Larvae
Certification
Inspections process
Feeds
Live food
Pellets
Visitors & workers
Wild fish
Systems layout
Eggs & Larvae
Certification
Inspections process
Feeds
Live food
Pellets
Visitors & workers
Wild fish
Equipment
Systems layout
Eggs & Larvae
Certification
Inspections process
Feeds
Live food
Pellets
Visitors & workers
Wild fish
Training of personnelEquipment
Systems layout
Eggs & Larvae
Certification
Inspections process
Feeds
Live food
Pellets
Visitors & workers
Dead / moribund fish
Training of personnelEquipment
Systems layout
Eggs & Larvae
Certification
Inspections process
Visitors & workers
Fry
Market size fish
Broodstock
Certification
Visitors & workers
Fry
Market size fish
Broodstock
Certification
Visitors & workers
Fry
Market size fish
Broodstock
Certification
Eggs & Larvae
Certification
Inspections process
Systems layout
Eggs & Larvae
Certification
Inspections process
Equipment
Systems layout
Eggs & Larvae
Certification
Inspections process
Training of personnelEquipment
Systems layout
Eggs & Larvae
Certification
Inspections process
Waste water
Training of personnelEquipment
Systems layout
Eggs & Larvae
Certification
Inspections process
Procedures
Audits/inspections
Quality control / assurance
Waste water
Training of personnelEquipment
Systems layout
Eggs & Larvae
Certification
Inspections process
Water
Monitoring
Procedures
Audits/inspections
Quality control / assurance
Waste water
Training of personnelEquipment
Systems layout
Eggs & Larvae
Certification
Inspections process
Hatchery
Water
Monitoring
Procedures
Audits/inspections
Quality control / assurance
Waste water
Training of personnelEquipment
Systems layout
Eggs & Larvae
Certification
Inspections process
Hatchery
Water
Monitoring
Procedures
Audits/inspections
Quality control / assurance
Waste water
Training of personnelEquipment
Systems layout
Eggs & Larvae
Certification
Inspections process
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Identifying Hygiene problems1. Do you have hygiene plan ?
a) Hygiene in the farmb) Hygiene outside the farm
2. Do you have a specific hygiene manual?a) Poster displayb) Hygiene trainingc) Hygiene information filed) Hygiene documente) Hygiene team
3. For a new worker do you have specific hygiene training ?4. Do you limit worker and visitor circulation within the farm ?5. Have you hand washing facilities?6. Have you special workers clothes?7. Do you regularly clean equipment and clothes ?
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HACCP PrinciplesHACCP is systematic approach to the
identification, evaluation, and control of good safety hazards based on the following seven principles:
Principle 1: Conduct a hazard analysisPrinciple 2: Determine the critical control points
(CCPs)Principle 3: Establish criticals limits Principle 4: Establish monitoring proceduresPrinciple 5: Establish corrective actionsPrinciple 6: Establish verification proceeduresPrinciple 7: Establish record-keeping and
documentation procedures
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Departmental organisation• Reception – Storage – Expedition• Monitoring of water quality• Cleaning and disinfection of all the fish farm
equipment and tanks • Aquaculture team• Visitors• Farm inlets: Lorry, eggs, broodstock, juveniles....• External animals (rates, cats, dogs)• Farm outlets: Juveniles, eggs, dead fish...• All the departments of the fish farm should be
looked at
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Development of hygiene and biosecurity plan and protocols
• Water reserve• Pump station• Broodstock• Egg Incubation• Larvae • Weaning• Nursery• Live food• Feed storage
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Development of hygiene and biosecurity plan and protocols
• Office administration• Workers facilities• Global Hygiene management• Ongrowing• Growing• Packaging• Fish farm Access • Global environmental analysis:
– Geographical point– Potential pollution– Sea water currents– River influence– Fish farm “auto-pollution”
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Biology of immune system development
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Some viral diseases of aqua & poultry
Virus family Poultry Aqua
Herpesvirus Marek’s, Duck VE O. masou virus
Pox virus Fowl pox
Circovirus CAV, PBFD
Nimavirus WSSV
Iridovirus EHNV
Baculovirus HB, SEMBV
Birnavirus IBD IPN
Reovirus Viral arthritis/malabsorption Aquareovirus
Coronavirus Infectious bronchitis YHV
Picornavirus Duck viral hepatitis TSV
Retrovirus Avian leukosis
Orthomyxovirus
Avian influenza Infectious salmon anemia
Paramyxovirus
Newcastle
Rhabdovirus IHNV, Spring viremia, VHS
DNAviruses
DNAviruses
RNAviruses
RNAviruses
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To limit disease impact:
The inflammatory response must be quickly controlled!
• Minimize damage to surrounding tissues
• Faster healing• Reduced impact of
the infection on health and performance
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Crustaceans rely on innate immunity
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Types of pathogens
Protozoa Eimeria spp. Cryptosporidium spp. Leukocytozoon spp. Leishmania spp. Toxoplasma gondii Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas Disease) Plasmodium spp. (cause malaria)
Yeast and fungi Candida albicans Cryptococcus neoformans Aspergillus spp. Histoplasma capsulatum
Protozoa Eimeria spp. Cryptosporidium spp. Leukocytozoon spp. Leishmania spp. Toxoplasma gondii Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas Disease) Plasmodium spp. (cause malaria)
Yeast and fungi Candida albicans Cryptococcus neoformans Aspergillus spp. Histoplasma capsulatum
Viruses All RNA and DNA viruses
Bacteria Salmonella spp. Campylobacter jejuni Listeria monocytogenes Mycobacterium spp. Brucella abortus Lawsonia intracellularis Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Pasteurella multocida Staphylococcus aureus Pneumocystis carinii Shigella spp. Rickettsia typhi Yersinia pesti (causes plague)
Viruses All RNA and DNA viruses
Bacteria Salmonella spp. Campylobacter jejuni Listeria monocytogenes Mycobacterium spp. Brucella abortus Lawsonia intracellularis Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Pasteurella multocida Staphylococcus aureus Pneumocystis carinii Shigella spp. Rickettsia typhi Yersinia pesti (causes plague)
*Human pathogens
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Microbiology
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Disease resistance enhancement
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Nutritional strategies for improving health
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Stress management
Microbiological control – water quality, environment and live feed
Prebiotics & probiotics in live feed and dry diets
Nutrition - mineral dependant enzyme pathways, ARA etc
New tools for improving production
So what are you thinking of trying on me today ?
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An immunomodulator is a substance which has an effect on the immune system.Immunostimulants or immunosuppressants)
Immunostimulants• Increase disease resistance by improving host
defensive mechanisms against opportunistic pathogens
There are two main categories of immunostimulants:• Specific immunostimulants are those which
improve specific immune response, such as vaccines or any antigen.
• Non-specific immunostimulants are those which help general immune response such as adjuvants and non-specific immunostimulators.
• Enhance specific immune responses and non-specific mechanisms
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immunostimulants or immunosuppressants
• Stimulate macrophages and dendritic cells located in gut tissue
• No memory component• Short duration effect• B glucans, peptidoglycans,
lipopolysaccharides, nucleotides – type of polysaccaride
• Should not be fed continuously
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Probiotics• Live microbial feed supplements which help
the fish by improving its intestinal microbial balance
• Can compete with pathogenic bacteria in the gut for space and nutrient, can produce antimicrobial substances and change intestinal environmental conditions
• Probiotic bacterial cultures are intended to assist the body's naturally occurring gut flora, an ecology of microbes, to re-establish themselves.
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Vaccination – dip and injection
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Vaccination response - fish• Fish have a range of adaptive immune
responses and immune memory, involving B cells and T cells, antibody and phagocytic cells.
• This adaptive immune response enables them to specifically “remember” exposure to pathogens and respond with increased efficiency on subsequent exposure, forming the basis of vaccination
• Understanding of these immune mechanisms and how the pathogens interact has allowed aquatic animal health scientists to develop successful vaccines.
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Vaccination response - shrimp• Widely thought that invertebrates do not have
an adaptive immune response.• Thus vaccines have not been routinely
developed and used in shrimp aquaculture• Invertebrates have generalized immune
responses to invading pathogens such as bacteria and fungi.
• There is increasing evidence for a specific immune memory in crustaceans, including shrimp and that the diversity and sophistication of responses in invertebrates is far greater than previously assumed
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Vaccination of fishDeveloped in 1990’s for salmon
farming
Vaccines for farmed fish are • Injectable and oil adjuvanted• Aqueous immersion vaccines
– Used for juvenile stages to offer protection prior to injection
• Oral vaccines – available commercially– variable success as primary
immunogens
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Dip vaccination of fry in the hatchery
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Dip vaccination of fingerlings
Anaethetic
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Dip vaccination of fish
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Injection vaccines• Appears impractical for thousands of fish
• Adopted by salmon farmers
• Extremely effective
• Stress can be managed with use of anaesthetics
• Skilled vaccinators can inject high numbers of fish per day
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Injection vaccination of fish• When the fish are large enough to be individually
handled (>50g average weight) they can be vaccininated by injection
• Fish are crowded into a small area and are anaesthetised since the larger the fish the greater the risk of self-injury due to stress reactions..
• A measued dose of vaccine (usually 0.1ml to 0.2ml) is injected in the abdominal area of each fish held with the ventral side up and the head away from the operator΄s body. The needle is inserted into the peritoneal cavity at a 45o angle to a depth of approximately 0.5 cm. Automatic injection guns or syringes are used.
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Injection vaccination of fish
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Pond and tank biosecurity - equipment
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Tank hygiene and daily cleaning for maintaining optimal tank conditions
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Hatchery biosecurity
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Health and hygiene
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• Autoclave
• Drying oven
• Microwave
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Biosecurity - Biological materials
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Biosecurity - Visitors
When visitors to the farm are expected, consideration of relative risks allows you to develop and use practical biosecurity measures. Low-risk visitors - Visitors from villages or towns who have no contact with fish farms present very little risk of carrying diseases. Moderate-risk visitors - People who routinely visit fish farms but have little or no contact with the fish or culture water such as salesmen and delivery people present only a moderate risk of introducing disease. High-risk visitors - High-risk visitors include veterinarians, shrimp suppliers or shrimp buyers, neighbouring farmers, and anyone else who has close contact with fish or fish farms. Visitors should wash their hands and feet. Equipment and instruments that have direct contact with fish should be cleaned and disinfected before and after use.
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Biosecurity - Vehicles
There is a risk of transferring disease between safe zones by vehicles especially vehicles transferring stock or equipment between farms or other facilities. Vehicle tyres and undercarriages should be cleaned with freshwater.
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Cleaning of small equipmentDisinfection bathsEquipment in daily use can be stored in disinfection baths
but should be rinse well before use. All baths should be changed weekly or when dirty ( which ever is sooner).
1. Live food production equipment (airtubes /pipettes etc.) should be left in hydrochloric acid baths (pH 2) which should be changed weekly.
2. Fish handling equipment e.g. hand nets/ tank cleaning equipment etc. can be stored in iodophor baths or hypochlorite (Chlorine can degrade hand nets).
3. Footbaths or foot-mats should be set-up at hatchery entrances.
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Cleaning of large equipment1. Hose down with fresh water to remove major fouling.2. Add detergent to warm water and remove encrusted
fouling with a brush or abrasive pad (e.g. Scotch brite). Rinse with fresh water.
3. Disinfect equipment with iodophor or similar if equipment was in previous contact with diseased fish. Rinse and store dry if not being used immediately.
4. Work bench surfaces etc. should be wiped with hypochlorite periodically and floors should be sprayed with hypochlorite at least once a week.
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VehiclesVehicles1. Vehicles from other farms
should not be allowed into the fish holding areas. The tyres and body work should be disinfected using a high pressure hose with disinfectant added.
2. The tanks of all fish transport vehicles should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected as in equipment cleaning before being stocked.
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Mortality disposalAll mortalities should not flushed away through the farm
effluent system. They need to be properly disposed ofFor small quantities of mortalities fish can be • buried in pits with lime, • composted, • incinerated• bagged up and removed from the site as for normal
household domestic waste. If the fish is rotten, some hypochlorite can be added.
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Harvesting and Transporting Fingerlings
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Recirculation, water maturation
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Bacteria dynamics
LowBackground level of bacterialow
high
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Stabilising effect• Probiotic bacteria give water stability
low
high
High background level of bacteria
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Bacterial control in larvae tanksPossibilities
• Maturation of incoming water
• Recirculation of water in larval tanks
• Bacteria replacements/substitutes
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Water Maturation• Larvae system
WaterTreatment Biofilter
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Water recirculation• Larvae tanks
SF
BF UV