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The Molecular Dance
Lecture 5Lecture 5Biophys Demystified Ch5
Biophys Nelson Ch3
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To gain orderTo gain order….
• Cool down….
Question: Why is the nanoworld so different f th ld?from the macroworld?
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Probabilistic FactsProbabilistic Facts
• “Random” • MeasurementMeasurement• Distribution
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Class scoreClass score
• Student number 100• Midterm average =70Midterm average 70
• Did you pass?
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A realistic worldA realistic world
• One atom• Two atomsTwo atoms• 10 atoms• 10^25 atoms
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Discrete DistributionDiscrete Distribution
• Probability of observing xi is P(xi)• Ni/N P(xi) for large NNi/N P(xi) for large N
• Normalization
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Continuous DistributionContinuous Distribution
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A Lesson from HeredityA Lesson from Heredity
• A puzzle of life…• Generic InheritanceGeneric Inheritance• A story need some physicists…
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Small man in a SpermSmall man in a Sperm
• What are purpose of ‘sperm’ and ‘egg’?
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What is the ‘information carrier’What is the information carrier
• A CD contains about 1010 bits• A sperm contains about the sameA sperm contains about the same
information but only a micrometer long…
• Please don’t make mistakes during ease do t a e sta es du gcopying…
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1865 Mendel1865 Mendel
• System: Flowering Pea plant• Good training in Physics and MathGood training in Physics and Math• Clear results….almost
• But fell into obscurity• But fell into obscurity….
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Mendel’s ConclusionsMendel s Conclusions
• The cell making up most of an individual each carry two copies of each factor. y p
• Germ cells (sperm, pollen and eggs) are exceptional They contain only one copy ofexceptional. They contain only one copy of each factor.
• Meiosis chooses each factor randomly and independently of the others.independently of the others.
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The color of LabradorThe color of Labrador
• Labrador Retrievers: Black, Yellow, and Chocolate. • Color is determined primarily by two genes. • The first gene (the B locus) determines the density of the
coat's pigment granules: dense granules result in a blackcoat s pigment granules: dense granules result in a black coat (B), sparse ones give a chocolate coat (b).
• The second (E) locus determines whether the pigment is d d t ll A d ith th i ( ) ll l illproduced at all. A dog with the recessive (e) allele will
produce little pigment and will be yellow regardless of its genotype at the B locus.
• For example, BBEE(Black), BBee(Yellow), bbEe(Chocolate))
• Please estimate the number ratio of puppies’ color if theirPlease estimate the number ratio of puppies color if their parents both have the BbEe genes.
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ChromosomesChromosomes
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Genetic LinkageGenetic Linkage
• System: Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster
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From fruit fly studyFrom fruit fly study
• The physical carrier of genetic information are chromosomes.
• They are chains, 1-D informations.
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SchrodingerSchrodinger
• In 1944, ‘What is life?’
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Max Delbrück
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The X ray golden ageThe X-ray golden age
• What is the ‘carrier’?• What are inside ‘chromosome’What are inside chromosome proteins, DNA, and RNA
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Double HelixDouble Helix
• When Watson meets Crick…1950s
• Some facts…• # : A ~ T, C~G• X-ray data suggests helical structure• X-ray data suggests helical structure…(Data from Rosalind Franklin)• But how can they arrange into this?
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