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Biophysical and Socioeconomic Assessments: The LOICZ* Approach
Liana Talaue-McManusRosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science
University of Miami
LOICZ Nutrient Budget & Typology Teams
*Land-Ocean Interaction in the Coastal Zone
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Objectives
• LOICZ framework in assessing the role of the global coast in material (carbon, nutrients, freshwater) delivery and cycling.
• A resource in identifying/ formulating indicators for themes on coastal water quality and eutrophication
• Scale: – Local: catchments and associated estuarine
areas– Regional and global carbon assessments
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Outline
• Goals of LOICZ as a Core Project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP)
• Biophysical approaches
• Socio-economic approaches
• Future directions
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mass balances of C, N and P
interphase with integrated coastal management
land use, climate, sea level on material fluxes and coastal morphodynamics
anthropogenic influence trace gas emissions
source/ sink for Carbon dioxide
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Local
Regional
Global
SCALES
SCALES
MATERIAL FLUX MODELS
BasinsBasins Coastal SeasCoastal Seas OceansOceans
Typology
Horizontal fluxes
Vertical fluxes
Ecosystems & Habitats & People
LOICZLOICZ
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Nutrient Budget
Modeling
PrPredictive relationships
TypologyTo discernRegional &
Global patterns
22002222200 sites
with nutrientbudgets
Using globalDatabases to
Scale up
Clustering& Visualization
tools
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DATA NEEDS:•System area and volume•River runoff, precipitation, & evaporation•Salinity gradient•Nutrient loads•DIP concentrations•DIN concentrations•DOP, DON (if available)•DIC (if available).
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Non-conservative nutrient fluxes
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Stoichiometry106CO2 + 16H+ + 16NO3
- + H3PO4 + 122H2O
(CH2O)106(NH3)16H3PO4 + 138O2
(p-r) or net ecosystem metabolism, NEM = - DIP x 106 (C:P)
(nfix-denit) = DINobs - DINexp
= DINobs - DIP x 16 (N:P)
Where: (C:P) ratio is 106:1 and (N:P) ratio is 16:1 (Redfield ratio)
Note: Redfield C:N:P is a good approximation where local C:N:P is absent (e.g. mangrove litter).
Redfield Equation
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Non-conservative fluxes & system states: Lingayen Gulf
Derived Parameter Estimate
(mmol m-2 yr-1)
DIP load (total input fluxes) 65
DIN load (total input fluxes) 425
DIP -35
DIN -600
(p-r)
(nfix-denit)
1,890
0
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Nutrient Budget Assessments(black areas)
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Socioeconomic Assessments
• Site specific:– Population– Waste load from economic
• Global:– Population– Waste load proxies
• Agricultural land cover• Runoff (natural + anthropogenic sources)
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Methods
ECONOMICSUB-SYSTEM
ESTUARINESUB-SYTEM
RESIDUALS
RESOURCES
Input-Output Modelling(James 1985)
BiogeochemicalBudget Modelling
(Gordon et al. 1996)
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Input-Output Model:11 Economic Sectors
• Agriculture• Fishery• Forestry• Mining & quarrying• Heavy
manufacturing (I)• Light manufacturing
(II)
• Electricity, gas & water• Waterworks & supply• Construction• Transport,
communication & storage
• Other services• Household
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Population & Economics
Feature Red River Delta
Ban Don Bay
Lingayen Gulf
Merbok Estuary
Population (x1000)
19,900 860 2,600 300
Population
Density
(nos km-2)
610 70 400 680
Economic activities
-Agriculture
-Forestry
-Capture fisheries
-Shrimp farming
-Aquaculture
-Capture fisheries
-Mangrove wood harvest
-Agriculture
-Rubber & oil
-Agriculture
-Capture fisheries
-Aquaculture
-Light manufacturing
-Charcoal production-Capture fisheries-Aquaculture-Agriculture
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Nutrients: Human-generated and Loads
Parameter
(mmol m-2 yr-1)
RRD
CNP=
1000:13:1
Bandon Bay CNP = 324:27:1
Lingayen Gulf CNP = 106:16:1
Merbok Estuary CNP = 1400:9:1
DIP generation•Agriculture•Household
520
78%
NA
10
21%
14%
90
45%
53%
180
31%
NA
DIP load 110 25 65 20
DIN generation•Agriculture•Household
1,940
76%
NA
60
21%
15%
800
78%
20%
2,480
28%
NA
DIN load 405 1140 425 670
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Nutrient Budget Assessments(black areas): How to scale up globally?
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Predictive relationships
Log (mol DIP km-2 yr-1) =
2.72 + 0.36 X log (persons km-2 ) +
0.78 X log (runoff in m3 yr-1)
DIP load, number of persons, and runoff scaled to catchment basin area
N=168; r2 = 0.58 (Smith et al, in prep.)
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LOICZ Typology Database
• 0.5 degree grid• 47,057 cells (out of 259,200 total for earth’s
surface) make up primary typology cells– Coastal (with shoreline; NOAA 1999)– Stream network (U. New Hampshire 1999)– Grid cell composition:
Coastal (15,278 cells)
+ terrestrial (immed. Landward) (12,449 cells)
+ oceanic (immed. Seaward) (19,330 cells)
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Yield
Load
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Potential Directions
• Systematic assessments of socioeconomic drivers along rural-urban gradients– System state feedbacks on resource-based
economic activities (capture fisheries, aquaculture, tourism)
– Watershed management• Fertilizer policy and use• Sewage and wastewater treatment• Land use and cover change
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Acq
uisitio
n
Sca
ling
Va
riab
ility
Dissem
ina
tion
Theme 1– River basins and human dimensions.
Theme 2 – Coastal development and change: Implications of land/sea usechange
Theme 3– Fate and transformation of materials in coastal and shelf waters
Theme 4 – System sustainability and resource management issues
Theme 5 – Risk and Safety
LOICZ: Phase II