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Biomechanical Principles and Applications
PSE4UMr. MacMillan
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▪ Biomechanics– The study of the structure and functions of biological systems by
means of the methods of mechanics
Hatze, 1974
▪ We might think of biomechanics as the “physics of human movement”
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Biomechanics
Examines the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces
Aids in technique analysis and the development of innovative equipment designs
Draws on knowledge from sports medicine, physical therapy, kinesiology, and biomechanical engineering
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Review of Movements from Anatomy
▪ Planes– Sagital– Frontal, Coronal– Transverse
▪ Axis– Horizontal– Antereoposterior– Longitudinal
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Motion
▪ Kinematics– describing movements with respect to time and space
▪ Kinetics– examines the forces that produce the movement and result from the movement
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Newton’s First Law: The Law of Inertia
An object will remain at rest or in a state of constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force
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Newton’s Second Law: Law of Accelerations
A force applied to a body causes an acceleration of that body of a magnitude proportional to the force, in the direction of the force and inversely proportional to the body’s mass.
F = ma
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Newton’s Third Law: Law of Reaction
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
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Qualitative Analyses
It requires:
A framework within which skilled performance can be observed
A set of principles with which movement can be analyzed
A checklist to use when identifying errors
Techniques to use for error detection and correction
Involves obtaining information, visually or auditorily, to asses performance
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Quantitative Biomechanics
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Types of Motion
Linear motion Angular motionGeneral motion
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Types of Motion
Translation refers to movement of the body as a unit without individual segment parts of the body moving relative to one another
Linear Motion When all parts of the body move the same distance, in the same direction, at the same time
Rectilinear motion occurs when movement follows a straight line
Curvilinear motion occurs when the movement path is curved but also linear
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Objectives: Identify the external forces acting on the human body
Describe the resulting motion
Describe the expected path and motion of any projectile
Differentiate between similar skills
Determine the degree of stability possessed by an athlete
Understand the causes and effects of actions
Qualitatively analyze simple sport skills that involve throwing, striking, or hitting an object
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Preliminary Steps for Analyzing Human Motion
Step 1
Identify the system to be studied, which is to separate the object of interest from its surroundings
Step 2
Identify the frame of reference in which the movement takes place
Step 3
Identify the type of motion that is occurring, the body planes in which movement takes place (sagittal, frontal, or transverse), and
Identify the axes of rotation about which rotational motion occurs (sagittal, frontal, or vertical)