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Biology Unit Exam ReviewBiology Unit Exam Review
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MicroscopeMicroscope
Total Magnification= Total Magnification= eyepiece X objectiveeyepiece X objective
1.1. 10 X 40= 40010 X 40= 400
2.2. High PowerHigh Power
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Key Terms for MicroscopeKey Terms for Microscope
3. 3. Magnification: see first slide for Magnification: see first slide for total magnificationtotal magnification
4. Resolution: show two points that 4. Resolution: show two points that are close together as separate are close together as separate imagesimages
5. Slide moves to left, image appears 5. Slide moves to left, image appears to move to the rightto move to the right
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Parts of the MicroscopeParts of the Microscope
1.1. Ocular/EyepieceOcular/Eyepiece
2.2. Fine Adjustment KnobFine Adjustment Knob
3.3. Objective LensesObjective Lenses
4.4. DiaphragmDiaphragm
5.5. BaseBase
6.6. Light SourceLight Source
7.7. StageStage
8.8. ArmArm
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Fine vs Coarse AdjustmentFine vs Coarse Adjustment
7. Course Adjustment 7. Course Adjustment Knob- moves lensesKnob- moves lenses
8. Course- low power8. Course- low powerFine- High PowerFine- High Power
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MAKE SURE THAT YOU KNOW MAKE SURE THAT YOU KNOW THE DIAGRAM OF THE THE DIAGRAM OF THE MICROSCOPE AND THE MICROSCOPE AND THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFECHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
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Scientific MethodScientific Method
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Steps of Sci Method:Steps of Sci Method:
ProblemProblemHypothesisHypothesisTesting Hypothesis (procedure)Testing Hypothesis (procedure)Record Data (# or details)Record Data (# or details)Analyze and Form ConclusionsAnalyze and Form ConclusionsReplicate WorkReplicate Work
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VariablesVariables
Controlled Experiment: Controlled Experiment: Two groups differ by one factor; Two groups differ by one factor;
control is presentcontrol is present
Control vs Experimental Group: Control vs Experimental Group: Experimental group has Experimental group has something changed (i.e. amount something changed (i.e. amount of light, etc)of light, etc)
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VariablesVariables
Independent Variables:Independent Variables:Changed by scientist to see Changed by scientist to see
what happenswhat happens
Dependent Variable: Dependent Variable: Changes in Changes in response to the change the scientist response to the change the scientist makes to the independent variable.makes to the independent variable.
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Determine the Different Determine the Different VariablesVariables
Does fertilizer make a plant grow?Does fertilizer make a plant grow? Two spider plants are placed in Two spider plants are placed in
separate pots. One plant is given separate pots. One plant is given fertilizer and the other plant is not. fertilizer and the other plant is not. Both plants are measured daily.Both plants are measured daily.
Identify Independent, Dependent, Identify Independent, Dependent, and control groupand control group
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AnswersAnswers
INDEPENDENT: Amount of fertilizerINDEPENDENT: Amount of fertilizer
DEPENDENT: Growth of plantDEPENDENT: Growth of plant
CONTROLLED: Plant not receiving CONTROLLED: Plant not receiving fertilizerfertilizer
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ChemistryChemistry
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Atomic Number, Atomic Atomic Number, Atomic MassMass
Atomic #: # of protons in the Atomic #: # of protons in the nucleusnucleus
Atomic Mass: sum of protons Atomic Mass: sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleusand neutrons in the nucleus
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Example: OxygenExample: Oxygen
Atomic #: 8Atomic #: 8
Atomic Mass: 16Atomic Mass: 16
Determine the # of protons, Determine the # of protons, neutrons, and electronsneutrons, and electrons
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ANSWERANSWER
Protons: 8Protons: 8
Electrons: 8Electrons: 8
Neutrons: 16-8= 8Neutrons: 16-8= 8
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ChargesCharges
Protons: +Protons: +
Electons: -Electons: -
Neutrons: neutral Neutrons: neutral
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Neutral AtomNeutral Atom
Neutral atom has no charge; Neutral atom has no charge; so number of protons and so number of protons and electronselectrons would be equal would be equal
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IonsIons
Charged atomCharged atom
Charge can be either Charge can be either positive or negative…how positive or negative…how does this form?does this form?
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ANSWERANSWER
Positive Ion: excess positive Positive Ion: excess positive charge ( more protons)charge ( more protons)
Negative Ion: excess negative Negative Ion: excess negative charge (more electrons)charge (more electrons)
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Positive or Negative Ion?Positive or Negative Ion?
Isotope of potassium has 19 Isotope of potassium has 19 protons and 21 electrons. protons and 21 electrons. What is its charge?What is its charge?
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ANSWERANSWER
NEGATIVENEGATIVE
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Covalent BondsCovalent Bonds
Bond formed by sharing Bond formed by sharing electronselectrons
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Ionic BondIonic Bond
Bond that forms by Bond that forms by transferring the electrons; transferring the electrons; can create an electrical can create an electrical attractionattraction
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Elements, Compound, Elements, Compound, MixtureMixture
Elements: substance made up of one Elements: substance made up of one kind of atom (i.e. oxygen)kind of atom (i.e. oxygen)
Compound: made up of two or more Compound: made up of two or more elements (i.e. water)elements (i.e. water)
Mixture: substances that are mixed Mixture: substances that are mixed without forming a new chemical bond without forming a new chemical bond (i.e. saltwater)(i.e. saltwater)
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2H2H22O + OO + O22---2H---2H22OO22
Atoms= hydrogen, oxygenAtoms= hydrogen, oxygenReactants: Reactants: 2H2H22O + OO + O22
Products: Products: 2H2H22OO2 2
Atoms: 8 Hydrogen, 8 Atoms: 8 Hydrogen, 8 OxygenOxygen
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Chemical FormulaChemical Formula
Tells you the type and amount of Tells you the type and amount of atomsatoms
EX: HEX: H22SOSO44
2 hydrogen, 1 sulfur, and 4 oxygen2 hydrogen, 1 sulfur, and 4 oxygen
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HH22SOSO44
Atoms: Hydrogen, Sulfur, OxygenAtoms: Hydrogen, Sulfur, Oxygen
H= 2H= 2 S=1S=1 O=4O=4
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pH ScalepH Scale
pH runs from 1-14pH runs from 1-14 7 is neutral7 is neutral Below 7Below 7 acidic (with 1 acidic (with 1
being more acidic)being more acidic) Above 7Above 7 basic with 14 basic with 14
being most basicbeing most basic
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Neutralization ReactionNeutralization Reaction
Reaction that occurs when acids and bases Reaction that occurs when acids and bases are combined to form water and saltare combined to form water and salt
EX: NaOH + HCl----NaCl + H2OEX: NaOH + HCl----NaCl + H2O
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Solution & Its PartsSolution & Its Parts
Substances are spread evenly throughout the Substances are spread evenly throughout the mixturemixture
EX: Air- comprised of N, O, CO2EX: Air- comprised of N, O, CO2
Two parts:Two parts:
a.a. Solvent: substance that a solute is dissolved Solvent: substance that a solute is dissolved in in
b.b. Solutes: substance that is dissolved in a Solutes: substance that is dissolved in a solventsolvent
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BiochemistryBiochemistry
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Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
Compounds that contain Compounds that contain carboncarbon and occur naturally and occur naturally only in the bodies and only in the bodies and products of an organismproducts of an organism
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Monomer vs. PolymerMonomer vs. Polymer
Monomer- 1 sugarMonomer- 1 sugar
Polymer- 2+ sugars; can Polymer- 2+ sugars; can contain 100 or 1000 contain 100 or 1000 sugarssugars
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MacromoleculeMacromolecule
Another name given to Another name given to organic compound organic compound because they are very because they are very large compoundslarge compounds
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MonomersMonomers
Carbs: sugarCarbs: sugar Proteins: amino acidsProteins: amino acids Nucleic Acid: nucleotideNucleic Acid: nucleotide
Skip question #6Skip question #6
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Examples of CarbohydratesExamples of Carbohydrates
Anything that ends with –ose Anything that ends with –ose (maltose, fructose, glucose)(maltose, fructose, glucose)
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Examples:Examples:
LipidsLipids Fats, oils, waxesFats, oils, waxes
ProteinsProteins EnzymesEnzymes
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids DNA, RNADNA, RNA
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Classify:Classify:
A. carbA. carb B. carbB. carb C. LipidsC. Lipids D. LipidsD. Lipids E. LipidsE. Lipids F. Nucleic AcidsF. Nucleic Acids G. Nucleic AcidsG. Nucleic Acids H. ProteinsH. Proteins I-K. CarbI-K. Carb
Disaccaharide:Disaccaharide: 2 sugars (maltose)2 sugars (maltose)
Polypeptide:Polypeptide: 2+ amino acids 2+ amino acids
connected by connected by peptide bondspeptide bonds
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Polar vs. NonpolarPolar vs. Nonpolar
Water is polarWater is polar Polar molecule: a molecule Polar molecule: a molecule
that has a partial positive and that has a partial positive and partial negative chargepartial negative charge
Only polar substances will Only polar substances will dissolve in water; non polar dissolve in water; non polar will not.will not.
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EnzymesEnzymes
12/13. Proteins that are necessary for 12/13. Proteins that are necessary for lifelife
14. 14. It is a catalyst, which causes a It is a catalyst, which causes a reaction to occurreaction to occur
15.pH, temperature affect enzymes15.pH, temperature affect enzymes16. Substance that is broken down 16. Substance that is broken down
by enzymeby enzyme17. Area where substrate binds17. Area where substrate binds
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The Cell: Make sure you know The Cell: Make sure you know the diagrams on plant and the diagrams on plant and
animal cellsanimal cells
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Cell TheoryCell Theory
1. All living things are 1. All living things are composed of one or more cellscomposed of one or more cells
2. Cells are organisms’ basic 2. Cells are organisms’ basic units of structure and functionunits of structure and function
3. Cells come only from 3. Cells come only from existing cellsexisting cells
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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic CellsCells
Prokaryotes: Lack any Prokaryotes: Lack any internal membrane bound internal membrane bound structures (most organelles) structures (most organelles) and nucleusand nucleus
Ex: bacteriaEx: bacteria Eukaryotes: have nucleus; Eukaryotes: have nucleus;
plants & animalsplants & animals
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Cell MembraneCell Membrane
Also called Plasma Also called Plasma MembraneMembrane
Prokaryotes, EukaryotesProkaryotes, Eukaryotes Plants & AnimalsPlants & Animals Function: controls what enter Function: controls what enter
and leaves the celland leaves the cell
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Cell WallCell Wall
Found in bacteria and plantsFound in bacteria and plants Made of celluloseMade of cellulose Function: gives cells its shape Function: gives cells its shape
and protectionand protection
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Nucleus & Nuclear EnvelopeNucleus & Nuclear Envelope
Only in eukaryotesOnly in eukaryotes Function: Control center for Function: Control center for
metabolism and reproductionmetabolism and reproduction Surrounded by a Surrounded by a nuclear nuclear
envelopeenvelope that is selectively that is selectively permeablepermeable
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NucleolusNucleolus
EukaryotesEukaryotes Function: makes Function: makes
ribosomesribosomes
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CytoplasmCytoplasm
Eukaryotes & ProkaryotesEukaryotes & Prokaryotes Jelly-like substance in Jelly-like substance in
between cell membrane between cell membrane and nucleusand nucleus
Function: metabolism; holds Function: metabolism; holds organelles in placeorganelles in place
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Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum
EukaryotesEukaryotes
Function: highway of cell; Function: highway of cell; moves material from one moves material from one end to the nextend to the next
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Two Types:Two Types:
Rough Endoplasmic Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): ribosomes Reticulum (ER): ribosomes attachedattached
Smooth ER: no ribosomesSmooth ER: no ribosomes
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RibosomesRibosomes
EukaryotesEukaryotes
Function: makes proteinsFunction: makes proteins
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Golgi ComplexGolgi Complex
EukaryotesEukaryotes Flattened stack of Flattened stack of
pancakespancakes Modify and transport Modify and transport
proteins to parts of the cellproteins to parts of the cell
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LysosomesLysosomes
EukaryotesEukaryotes
Garbage disposal; break Garbage disposal; break down food or bacteriadown food or bacteria
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MitochondriaMitochondria
EukaryotesEukaryotes Powerhouse of cellPowerhouse of cell Produces energy for the Produces energy for the
cellcell
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VacuolesVacuoles
Plants: one largePlants: one large Animals: several small that Animals: several small that
digest food or remove digest food or remove excess water (similar to excess water (similar to sponge)sponge)
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Cilia & FlagellaCilia & Flagella
Involved in cell movementInvolved in cell movement
Cilia: usually in animalsCilia: usually in animals Flagella: usually one whip like Flagella: usually one whip like
structure found in unicellar structure found in unicellar organismsorganisms
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Microtubules & Microtubules & MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments
Involved in cell movement and shapeInvolved in cell movement and shape
Forms the cell’s cytoskeletonForms the cell’s cytoskeleton
EukaryotesEukaryotes
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CentriolesCentrioles
Involved in cell divisionInvolved in cell division
Animals onlyAnimals only
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PlastidsPlastids
Plants onlyPlants only
Two types:Two types:
1.1.Leucoplasts: starch storageLeucoplasts: starch storage
2.2.Chromoplasts: pigments for Chromoplasts: pigments for colorcolor
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CholoroplastCholoroplast
Type of chromoplastType of chromoplast Contains chlorophyll; site Contains chlorophyll; site
for photosynthesisfor photosynthesis Plants onlyPlants only
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Phospholipid BilayerPhospholipid Bilayer
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Selectively PermeableSelectively Permeable
Only allows certain things Only allows certain things to enter or exitto enter or exit
EX: Cell MembraneEX: Cell Membrane
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OrganizationOrganization
CellCell Tissue Tissue Organ (stomach, pancreas, liver)Organ (stomach, pancreas, liver) Organ System (respiratory, Organ System (respiratory,
circulatory)circulatory) Organism (human, dog, cat)Organism (human, dog, cat)
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Tissue vs. OrganTissue vs. Organ
Tissue: group of cells that Tissue: group of cells that serve the same functionserve the same function
Organ: group of tissues that Organ: group of tissues that serve the same functionserve the same function
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Cell TransportCell Transport
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Active vs. PassiveActive vs. Passive
ActiveActive Energy RequiredEnergy Required Moves from low Moves from low
concentration to concentration to high concentrationhigh concentration
PassivePassive No energy requiredNo energy required Moves from high Moves from high
concentration to concentration to low concentrationlow concentration
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DiffusionDiffusion
Movement of molecules Movement of molecules from an area of high from an area of high concentration to an area concentration to an area of lower concentrationof lower concentration
Passive TransportPassive Transport
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DiffusionDiffusion
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Concentration GradientConcentration Gradient
Occurs when there is a Occurs when there is a difference between high difference between high and low concentrationand low concentration
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EquilibriumEquilibrium
Same amount is inside and Same amount is inside and outside the cell outside the cell
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OsmosisOsmosis
Diffusion of water across a Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable selectively permeable membrane from region of membrane from region of high water concentration to high water concentration to a region of low water a region of low water concentrationconcentration
PassivePassive
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Plasmolysis vs. CytolysisPlasmolysis vs. Cytolysis
Plasmolysis: shrinking of Plasmolysis: shrinking of cytoplasm (result of cytoplasm (result of hypertonic solution)hypertonic solution)
Cytolysis: cell explodes due Cytolysis: cell explodes due to hypotonic solutionto hypotonic solution
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Turgor PressueTurgor Pressue
Increase of pressure in a plant Increase of pressure in a plant due to water entering the cell due to water entering the cell via osmosisvia osmosis
Plant cell will not explode Plant cell will not explode because of cell wallbecause of cell wall
Greatest pressure in pure waterGreatest pressure in pure water
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Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion
Special transport proteins Special transport proteins transport substance into transport substance into or out of cellor out of cell
Same as diffusion- movement from Same as diffusion- movement from high to low concentrationhigh to low concentration
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EndocytosisEndocytosis
Transporting material Transporting material intointo cell cell by vesicleby vesicle
EX:EX: Pinocytosis: small liquids are Pinocytosis: small liquids are
taken into cell by vesicletaken into cell by vesicle Phagocytosis: solid particles Phagocytosis: solid particles
ingested into cell by vesiclesingested into cell by vesicles
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ExocytosisExocytosis
Transporting material Transporting material out out of cell by vesicleof cell by vesicle
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Type of Solution
Where is there more solute
Where is there more solvent (water)
What direction does water move
What happens to the cell
Hypotonic Inside cell Outside cell Inside Cytolysis (explode)
Hypertonic Outside cell Inside cell Outside Plasmolysis (shrink)
Isotonic Equal Equal Constant Nothin
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Let’s Do ExamplesLet’s Do Examples
Look at the examples on the board Look at the examples on the board and determine which way the water and determine which way the water will move and what will happen to will move and what will happen to the cell.the cell.