BIOLOGY
SOL
BLAST
stable internal conditions in spite of changes in the external environment
HOMEOSTASIS
help organisms maintain homeostasis; increase the speed of chemical reactions; fit with substrate like a
lock and key
substrate
enzyme
active site
ENZYMES
• comparison group
• what the experimenter changes
• the variable that is measured
Control group
Independent variable
Dependent variable
IN AN EXPERIMENT . . .
Remember . . .
Only test one variable at a
time.
Can you name the
cells to the left?
Cell Organelles
• powerhouse; produces ATP
• where proteins are made
• lipid bilayer; controls what enters and leaves cell
• contains chlorophyll; needed for photosynthesis
Mitochondria
“mighty mitochondria”
Ribosome
Cell Membrane
Chloroplast
WATERPolar Universal solventHigh heat of vaporizationLess dense in its solid form
Water has cohesive and adhesive properties allowing for capillary action to take place in trees.
cohesion Water sticks to itself
adhesion Water sticks to other substances
Hyper-shrinksHypo=expands
_________ = cell shrinks __________ = cell expands
movement of water from a high to low concentrationOsmosis
Hypertonic Hypotonic
movement of substances from a high to low concentrationDiffusion
Two Types:
-requires oxygen (produces 36 ATP)
-does not require oxygen (produces 2 ATP)
transfer of energy in organic compounds to ATP
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
AEROBIC
ANAEROBIC
What is used in cellular respiration is produced in photosynthesis---what is used in photosynthesis is
produced in cellular respiration.
Photosynthesis
Takes in which gas?
Releases which gas?
Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen
Produces food
(C6H12O6 - glucose)
for the plant
6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy) C6H12O6 + 6O2
What is the main purpose of
photosynthesis?
Somatic (body cell) division
• DNA must replicate before
division takes place
• Results=2 diploid cells
MITOSIS
• Gamete (sex cell) division
• Results = 4 haploid cells
MEIOSIS
When fertilization takes place, 2 haploid cells (sperm and egg) unite to create what?
1 diploid cell
PUNNETT SQUARE
B = pink
b = white
GENOTYPIC RATIO:
PHENOTYPIC RATIO:
BB =
bb =
Bb =
1:2:1
3:1
diagram used to predict the probable outcome of a genetic cross
Homozygous dominant
Homozygous recessive
Heterozygous
1.
2.
3.
(A-T, C-G)
DNA is made of nucleotides which are
made of:
DNA
Sugar (deoxyribose)
Phosphate
Nitrogen bases
DNA RNAA -
G -
T
C
A -UG - C
CTA = GAT TAC = AUG
DNA REPLICATION
How are proteins made?
Amino Acids
ribosome
mRNA
tRNA
A chain of amino acids =
protein
CODON
ANTICODON
If given the codon,
AAC, what is the amino acid the
tRNA will bring to the mRNA?
Famous names in the discovery of DNA
Double Helix Structure-
X-Ray Diffraction to determine structure-
Base-pairing rules-
Watson & Crick
Franklin
Chargoff
VIRUS
What is this?
Is it living? No
Lytic Cycle
Bacteriophage
Host Cell
Viral Nucleic Acid
Bacterial DNA
Capsid
KINGDOMS OF LIFE
-Cell walls of chitin
-Cell walls of cellulose
-No cell walls
What are the two types of cells?Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
What organisms are eukaryotic?
bacteria
What organisms are prokaryotic?
animals, plants, fungi, and protists
Bacteria
UnicellularProkarytoticEubacteria / ArchaebacteriaCell WallReproduce Sexually or Asexually (Binary Fission)Remember Sexual reproduction is the best because
it creates variation in the species.
Protists
Unicellular or MulticellularMost diverse groupFirst eukaryotes“Catch-all Group”Plant-like, Fungus-like, Animal-likeCan be Heterotrophic and/or Autotrophic
What do Paramecium move with? Cilia
What do Amoeba move with?Pseudopodia
What do Euglena move with?
Flagellum
Fungi Unicellular or Multicellular Eukaryotic Heterotrophic-absorption Cell walls made of chitin Reproduce sexually or asexually (spores) Visible portion is reproductive structure and body
is mass of hyphae (mycelium)
Plants
MulticellularEukaryoticAutotrophicNonmotileCell wall= CelluloseStarch
Animals
MulticellularEukaryoticHeterotrophicNo cell walls95% Invertebrates5% Vertebrates
Isolation Condition in which two
populations of the same species cannot breed with one another
– Geographic-separated by a physical feature (i.e. canyon)
– Reproductive-can no longer mate with each other (i.e. different mating times, physical differences, no longer attracted to the other)
Process by which populations change in response to their environment
as individuals better adapted to the environment survive and
reproduce and pass those favorable characteristics on
NATURAL SELECTION
Who was the scientist who
developed this theory?
Darwin
Dichotomous Key1 a Hind limbs absent Siren
b Hind limbs present Go to 2
2 a External gills present in adults Mud puppy
b External gills absent in adults Go to 3
3 a Large size (over 7 cm long) Go to 4
b Small size (under 7 cm long) Go to 5
4 a Body background black, large white spots irregular in shape and size completely covering body & tail
Tiger salamander
b Body background black, small, round, white spots in a row along each side fro eye to tip of tail
Spotted Salamander
5 a Body background black with white spots Go to 6
b Body background light color with dark spots and or lines on body
Go to 7
6 a Small white spots on a black background in a row along each side from head to tip of tail
Jefferson salamander
b Small white spots on a scattered throughout a black background from head to tip of tail
Slimy salamander
7 a Large irregular black spots on a light background extending from head to tip of tail
Marbled salamander
bNo large irregular black spots on a light background
Go to 8
8 aRound spots scattered along back and sides of body, tail flattened like a tadpole
Newt
bWithout round spots and tail not flattened like a tadpole
Go to 9
9 aTwo dark lines bordering a broad, light mid-dorsal stripe with a narrow median dark line extending from the head onto the tail
Two-lined salamander
bWithout two dark lines running the length of the body
Go to 10
10 aA light stripe running the length of the body and bordered by dark pigment extending downward on the sides
Red-backed salamander
bA light stripe extending the length of the body, a marked constriction at the base of the tail
Four-toed salamander
pioneer species
SECONDARY SUCCESSION
What are the first organisms to colonize a new site (i.e. bare rock)?
PRIMARY SUCCESSION
What is the name of a mature, stable community?
climax community
Food Web
1000
100
10
1
NUTRITIONAL RELATIONSHIPS
• Organism that cannot make its own food; must consume food
Examples: animals, fungi, some bacteria and protists (decomposers, herbivore, omnivores, carnivores)
• Organism that can produce its own food; usually by photosynthesis
Examples: plants, some bacteria and some protists
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Read each question carefully.Go with your first instinct.If you don’t understand the question, try
visualizing it or sketching it.With graphs and diagrams, most likely the
answer is in the question .Make this the last time you look at the Biology
SOL!