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BIOLOGY AND ITS BRANCHES
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BIOLOGY
Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.
Biology generally recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the synthesis and creation of new species.
The term biology is derived from the Greek word bios, "life" and the suffix -logia, "study of."
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Biological Organization
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Does this apply to humans too?
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Levels of Biological Organization
Organ Systems
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organisms
Populations
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A cell is the most basic unit of structure
Cells
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Tissues
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Organ Systems
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Organisms
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Populations
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Classification of Living Things
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What is classification?
Classification is the grouping of living organisms according to similar structures and functions.
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Early classification systems
Aristotle grouped animals according to the way they moved
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The modern classification system :
KingdomPhylumClassOrder
FamilyGenusSpecies
Developed by Carolus LinnaeusConsists of 7 levels:
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FIVE KINGDOMS
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Monera are single-celled organisms that don't have a nucleus. Bacteria make up the entire kingdom. There are more forms of bacteria than any other organism on Earth. Some bacteria are beneficial to us, such as the ones found in yogurt. Others can cause us to get sick.
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Fungi are usually motionless organisms that absorb nutrients for survival. They include mushrooms, molds, and yeasts.
Protists are mostly single-celled organisms that have a nucleus. They usually live in water. Some protists move around, while others stay in one place. Examples of protists include some algae, paramecium, and amoeba.
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Plants contain chlorophyll, a green pigment necessary for photosynthesis, a process in which plants convert energy from sunlight into food. Their cell walls are made sturdy by a material called cellulose, and they are fixed in one place. Plants are divided into two groups: flower- and fruit-producing plants and those that don't produce flowers or fruits. They include garden flowers, agricultural crops, grasses, shrubs, ferns, mosses, and conifers.
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Animals are the most complex organisms on Earth. Animals are multi-celled organisms, eat food for survival, and have nervous systems. They are divided into vertebrates and invertebrates and include mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds and fish.Actually, there are now six kingdoms. The five kingdom was during the 1969 and it included all the bacteria within one group.
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Characteristics of Living Things
1. Made of Cells
Red Blood cells Onion skin epidermal cells Human cheek cells
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Characteristics of Living Things
2. Grows and develops
Increase in cell size and/or number
Includes: development, aging, death
Differentiation – cell specialization for a certain
job
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Characteristics of Living Things
3. Obtains & uses Energy
4. Reproduces
5. Responds to the Environmenta. Movement – internal or
externalb. Irritability - ability to respond to
a stimulus
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BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
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Biology is simply the study of life.Biology is concerned with all living things.
There are many branches of biology.
Every one is study of a group of organism.
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Zoology is concerned with animals.
Who does make the observation about zoology is called Zoologist.
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Botany is concerned with plants
Who does make the observation about the botany is called Botanist.
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Cytology is the study of cells.
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Ecology is the science which studies the releationship of living things between each other and their environment.
Also ecology is concerned with pollution. Such as air and water pollution
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Genetics is the study of how features is passed to offspring from their parents.
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Anatomy is the study of the inner organs of the body (kidney, hert, liver etc.)
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Microbiology is the study of microscopic life.
For ex. Bacteria.
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Taxonomy is the study of the classification of living organisms.
Classification is made groups of organisms.
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Ornithology is the study of birds.
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Entomology is the study of insects.
Such as mosquito and spider
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Parasithology is the study of parasites.
Parasites are harmful organisms for living things.
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Bacteriology is the study of bacteria
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Mycology is the study of fungi.
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Virology is the study of viruses.
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Physiology is concerned function of tissue, organs and systems.
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Morphology is concerned with phenotype (Apearance) of living things.
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Embryology studies the developmental patterns of organisms from zygote to birth.
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Aerobiology – the study of airborne organic particles
Agriculture – the study of producing crops from the land, with an emphasis on practical applications
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Arachnology – the study of arachnids
Astrobiology – the study of evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe—also known as exobiology, exopaleontology, and bio astronomy
Biochemistry – the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular level
Bioengineering – the study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology
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Biogeography – the study of the distribution of species spatially and temporally
Bioinformatics – the use of information technology for the study, collection, and storage of genomic and other biological data
Biomathematics (or Mathematical biology) – the quantitative or mathematical study of biological processes, with an emphasis on modeling
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Biomechanics – often considered a branch of medicine, the study of the mechanics of living beings, with an emphasis on applied use through prosthetics or orthotics
Biomedical research – the study of the human body in health and disease
Bio musicology - study of music from a biological point of view.
Biophysics – the study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciences
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Cell biology – the study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell
Conservation biology – the study of the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife
Cryobiology – the study of the effects of lower than normally preferred temperatures on living beings
Developmental biology – the study of the processes through which an organism forms, from zygote to full structure
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Environmental biology – the study of the natural world, as a whole or in a particular area, especially as affected by human activity
Epidemiology – a major component of public health research, studying factors affecting the health of populations
Epigenetics – the study of heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence
Ethology – the study of animal behavior
Evolutionary biology – the study of the origin and descent of species over time
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Biotechnology – a new and sometimes controversial branch of biology that studies the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification and synthetic biology
Building biology – the study of the indoor living environment
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Hematology - the study of blood and blood - forming organs.
Herpetology – the study of reptiles and amphibians
Histology – the study of cells and tissues, a microscopic branch of anatomy
Ichthyology – the study of fish
Integrative biology – the study of whole organisms
Limnology – the study of inland waters
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Mammalogy – the study of mammals
Marine biology (or Biological oceanography) – the study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings
Molecular biology – the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with biochemistry
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Neurobiology – the study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology and pathology
Oncology – the study of cancer processes
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Population biology – the study of groups of conspecific organisms, including Population ecology – the study of how population
dynamics and extinction Population genetics – the study of changes in gene
frequencies in populations of organisms
Paleontology – the study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life
Pathobiology or pathology – the study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and development of disease
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Pharmacology– the study and practical application of preparation, use, and effects of drugs and synthetic medicines
Physiology – the study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms
Phytopathology – the study of plant diseases (also called Plant Pathology)
Psychobiology – the study of the biological bases of psychology
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Sociobiology – the study of the biological bases of sociology
Structural biology – a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecules
Synthetic Biology- research integrating biology and engineering; construction of biological functions not found in nature
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The Chemistry of Life
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Why should we study chemistry in
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Life depends on chemistry!
When you eat food or inhale oxygen, your body uses these materials in chemical reactions that keep you alive.
Just as buildings are made from bricks, steel, glass, and wood, living things are made from chemical compounds.
Wouldn’t you want an architect to understand building materials? Same idea applies to geneticists, ecologists, zoologists, botanists, biologists, and etc.
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The study of chemistry begins with the basic unit of matter…the
History Greeks were first to try to explain chemical
reactions 400 BC: thought all matter composed of:
Fire Earth Water Air
Democritus first used word “atomos”, meaning indivisible
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Atoms are composed of 3 main particles: (subatomic particles) Protons (+) Neutrons Electrons (-)
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Protons and Neutrons
Strong forces bind protons and neutrons together to form the nucleus, which is at the center of the atom.
Both particles have about the same mass.
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Electrons Electrons are negatively charged
with about 1/1840 the mass of a proton.
They are in constant motion in the space surrounding the nucleus.
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Atoms have equal numbers of electrons and protons.
Because these subatomic particles have equal but opposite charges, atoms are neutral.
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Elements Elements are the building
blocks of all matter. Elements cannot be
decomposed into simpler matter.Group Number: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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The Elements 110 known elements 88 occur naturally
The 110 elements form a plethora of compounds, just as 26 letters of the alphabet make a seemingly endless number of words.
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Counts the number
of protons
in an atom
Atomic Number
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11
NaAtomic Number
Symbol
Atomic Number on the Periodic Table
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11
Na11 protons
Sodium
All atoms of an element have the same number of protons
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Atomic Mass
Mass of an atom. Approximately equal to the number
of protons and neutrons Find number of neutrons by
subtracting the number of protons from the mass.