![Page 1: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 3
Biology and
Behavior
![Page 2: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Nervous System
• Thinking
• Dreaming
• Feeling
• Moving
• Much More
![Page 3: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Nervous System
• The Nervous system is made
up of two parts;
–Central Nervous System
–Peripheral Nervous System
![Page 4: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Central Nervous System
• Two Main
Parts:
–Brain
–Spinal
Cord
![Page 5: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Brain
Known as
our “Control
Center”
![Page 6: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Hindbrain • Medulla- vital function
(i.e. Heart rate)
• Pons- regulating body
movement, attention,
sleep, and alertness
• Cerebellum- balance
and coordination
![Page 8: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Midbrain- involved in vision
and hearing.
• Reticular activating system-
important for attention, sleep,
and arousal.
![Page 9: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Forebrain- Four portions to
the forebrain, important for humans
to engage in complex thinking
processes
![Page 10: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Forebrain contains:
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Limbic System
• Cerebrum
![Page 11: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Thalamus Relay station for sensory
stimulation
![Page 12: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Hypothalamus • involved in many aspects of behavior and
psychological functions
• Such as:
» Regulates body temperature
» Storage of nutrients
» Various aspects of motivation and emotion
» Hunger
» Thirst
» Sexual behavior
» Caring for offspring
» Aggression
![Page 13: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Limbic System
learning and memory, emotion,
hunger, sex and aggression.
![Page 14: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Cerebrum • Latin for “the brain”
• Accounts for 70% of the brain
• Its surfaces is the Cerebral Cortex
– Concerned with:
• Memory, Language, emotions, complex motor
functions, perception, and much more.
– Cerebral Cortex has two sides- hemispheres
• Left Hemisphere
• Right Hemisphere
• Attached to each other with the corpus callosum
![Page 15: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Hemisphere Transmitting Information received
on one side of the
body is transmitted
to the opposite
hemisphere of the
brain.
The corpus callosum
aids in getting
information from
one side to another.
![Page 16: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The four parts (lobes) of each
hemisphere
• Frontal Lobe
• Parietal Lobe
• Temporal Lobe
• Occipital Lobe
![Page 17: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
You must know these on the test,
Please copy on the blank portions of the
Notes.
![Page 18: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Senses and Motor behavior • Occipital lobe
– Visual area
• Damage to this
area of the
brain can
cause lack of
differentiation
of objects
![Page 19: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Senses and Motor behavior • Temporal Lobe-
Hearing
• Sounds are relayed form the ears to the thalamus to the auditory area
• When damaged, the person may not be able to recognize common sounds
![Page 21: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Senses and Motor behavior
• Parietal
Lobe- skin
senses
• Warmth,
cold, touch,
and pain
![Page 22: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Senses and Motor behavior
• Frontal Lobe-
Motor
(movement)
• Like clapping
your hands
![Page 23: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Cerebral Cortex Association
Areas • These are areas of the brain that shape
information into something meaningful on
which we can act.
• Can make sense of:
– Letters
– Shapes
– Language
– Thought
![Page 24: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Cerebral Cortex- Hemisphere
differences
• For nearly all right handed
people, language functions are
based in the left hemisphere.
• For two out of three left handed
people, language functions are
also based in the left hemisphere.
![Page 25: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Cerebral Cortex- Language
Function Areas • Broca’s Area: locted in the frontal lobe, near
the part of the motor cortex that controls the
areas of the face used to speak.
– Damage to this area could cause laborious
speaking
• Wernicke’s Area: located in the temporal lobe
pieces together sounds and sights.
– Damage to this area could cause the person to fid it
difficult to understand speech or they speak in
meaningless speech.
![Page 26: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Aphasia • Difficulty with
specific
aspects of
understanding
or producing
language.
![Page 27: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Three types of Aphasia • Fluent- can speak well,
but has a hard time with only sections of sentences, like nouns.
• Non fluent- has a lot of pausing and hesitations
• Global- which is impairments with all language modalities (i.e., reading, writing, speaking, and understanding).
![Page 29: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Hemisphere Dominance?
• Are you left brained or right
brained?
–It is said that people who are
logical are left brained
–While people who are creative
are right brained
![Page 30: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Find a partner!!!
Or a mirror!!!
![Page 31: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
As you look in pairs of eyes, you will notice that
people's left and right eyes are rarely the same
- it is this difference that reflects differences in
the way they use their hemispheres.
You are constructed in a cross-linked fashion -
your left eye is connected to your right brain
hemisphere and vice-versa. This means that
the left eye indicates your right-hemisphere
activity and your right-eye indicates your left-
brain activity.
![Page 32: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
You can generally estimate how strongly people use their hemispheres by the "strength of their gaze" when they look into your eyes. Please note that some cultures regard looking directly into an individual's eyes as a confronting and aggressive act, so please make sure you are welcome before peering through the windows of another's soul.
![Page 33: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Right Brain Dominance in the Eyes
• right-brain dominant Jewel structure
• notice there are more/larger/stronger
brown dots (jewels) in the left iris
indicating more activity in the right
hemisphere.
![Page 34: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Right Brain Dominance in the Eyes
• A right-brain dominant Flower structure
• notice there are more/larger/stronger
fiber petals (flowers) in the left iris
indicating more activity in the right
hemisphere.
![Page 35: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Left Brain Dominance in the Eyes
• A left-brain dominant Jewel structure
• notice there are more/larger/stronger
jewels in the right iris indicating more
activity in the left hemisphere.
![Page 36: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Left Brain Dominance in the Eyes
• A left-brain dominant Flower structure
• notice there are more/larger/stronger
flowers in the right iris indicating more
activity in the left hemisphere.
![Page 37: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Generally this thumb is an indication of
the non-dominant hemisphere
(higher moon in left thumb = right hemisphere
dominant; higher
moon in right thumb = left hemisphere dominant). You might
prefer to regard it as the "pointier" moon indicates the dominant
hemisphere. This indicator does take some time to reflect a shift
in dominance.
![Page 38: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• " Which leg do you prefer to stand on?
• If it is your right leg, then you are probably
left brain dominant, conversely a left leg
preference suggests a right brain
hemispheric preference. Of course if you
attempt this test with a stone in one shoe
or an injury in one leg the results are far
more likely to be determined by the stone
or injury than the brain's current
dominance
![Page 39: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Biology and Behavior
Chapter 3 Essential question: What
ways do we study the
brain?
![Page 40: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Methods of Studying the Brain
• Accidents
• Electrical stimulation of the brain
• Electroencephalogram (EEG)
• Scans
![Page 41: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The Case of Phineas Gage
![Page 42: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
“This is the bar that was shot through the head of
Mr. Phinehas P. Gage at Cavendish, Vermont, Sept.
14, 1848. He fully recovered from the injury &
deposited this bar in the Museum of the Medical
College of Harvard University.
Phinehas P. Gage Lebanon Grafton Cy N-H Jan 6
1850.”
![Page 48: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Types of Scans • Computerized Axial Tomography
(CAT)
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI)
• Positron Emission Tomography
(PET)
![Page 49: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Computerized Axial
Tomography (CAT)
![Page 50: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI)
![Page 52: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Positron Emission
Tomography (PET)
![Page 54: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Spinal Cord
• Extends from
the brain down
the back.
• Protected by the
bones of the
spine
• Involved in
spinal reflexes
![Page 56: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Spinal Reflexes
• Automatic
response to
something
(Ex. Knee jerk
reflex to
doctor’s
hammer)
![Page 57: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
The Peripheral
Nervous System:
Nerve cells that
send messages
between the CNS
and all the parts of
the body.
![Page 58: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Two main division
of the Peripheral
nervous system • Somatic Nervous system
• Autonomic Nervous
System
![Page 61: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Somatic Nervous system
transmits sensory messages
to the Central nervous
system. • Activated by touch, pain,
changes in temperature, and
changes in body position.
• Voluntary muscles and sense
organs
![Page 62: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Autonomic Nervous System
regulates the body’s vital
functions (i.e. Heartbeat) • Two divisions of Autonomic
nervous system:
–Sympathetic Nervous system
–Parasympathetic Nervous
System
![Page 63: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Sympathetic Nervous system
Activated
when a
person is
going into
action.
Fight or
Flight
response
![Page 65: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Parasympathetic Nervous
System
Calms body after
emergencies.
![Page 66: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Neurons (nerve cells of the PNS)
• Run through the
entire body and
communicate
with each other
• More than 100
billion in each
person
![Page 67: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
The Neurons
• Nerve cells that run through
our entire bodies
• Send and receive messages
from other structures in the
body
–Muscles
–Glands
![Page 68: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Neurons
• Every Neuron has
a :
–Dendrite
–Cell body
–Axon
–Myelin sheath
–Axon terminal
![Page 69: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Components of a Neuron • Cell body produces energy that fuels the
activity of the cell
• Dendrites receive information from other neurons and pass the message through the cell body
• Axon carries the messages away
• Myelin (sheath) is the white fatty substance that insulates and protects the axon. It helps speed the transmission of the message.
• Axon terminals are at the end of the neuron, they pass the message on to the next neuron.
![Page 70: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Neurons
![Page 71: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
The Communication Process
• In order for a message to be
sent form one neuron to
another neuron, it must cross
the synapse.
• Synapse is a junction between
the axon terminals of one
neuron and the dendrites of
another.
![Page 72: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
![Page 73: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Neurotransmitters
• Chemicals that are stored in sacs
in the axon terminals
• The neuron fires, or sends its
message, by releasing
neurotransmitters, much like
droplets of water shooting out of a
spray bottle. This can occur
hundreds of times every second.
![Page 74: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Types of Neurotransmitters • Specific types of neurotransmitters have their
own structure and fit into receptors sites in the
next neuron
• Like a key and a lock
• Types of Neurotransmitters:
– Acetylcholine (control of muscles)
– Dopamine (involved in motor behavior)
– Noradrenaline (preparing the body for action)
– Serotonin (emotional arousal and sleep)
![Page 75: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
![Page 76: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
The Endocrine System
Consists of
glands that
secrete
substances
called
hormones
into the blood
stream.
![Page 77: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Hormones
Stimulate growth
and many kinds
of reactions,
such as
changes in
activity levels
and moods.
![Page 78: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Psychologists
studying
biology of
behavior are
interested in
the
endocrine
system
![Page 79: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Hormones act
only on
hormone
receptors in
certain
places
![Page 80: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Glands produce hormones
• Some of those glands
include:
– Pituitary gland
– Thyroid gland
– Adrenal glands
– Testes and Ovaries
![Page 81: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Pituitary gland
• Located below the
hypothalamus
• Nicknamed “the master
gland”
![Page 82: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
![Page 83: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Pituitary Gland
Hormones controlled by
pituitary gland:
–Growth Hormones
–Pregnancy and mothering
–Stimulation of labor in
pregnant women (oxytocin)
![Page 84: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Thyroid gland The thyroid gland
is located in the
middle of the
lower neck, below
the larynx (voice
box) and just
above your
clavicles
(collarbones).
![Page 85: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Thyroid gland Produces Thyroxin
– Effects the body’s metabolism
– Too little thyroxin, hypothyroidism
(overweight)
– Too little thyroxin in children results in
cretinism, stunted growth and mental
retardation.
– Too much thyroxin, hyperthyroidism,
excitability, inability to sleep, and weight
loss.
![Page 86: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Hypothyroidism
![Page 87: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Hyperthyroidism
![Page 88: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Adrenal glands
These glands
lie above the
kidneys, on
the back wall
of the
abdomen
![Page 89: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Outer layer of
the adrenal
glands secrete
cortical
steroids. This
increases
resistance to
stress and
promotes
muscle
development.
![Page 90: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
The Adrenal Glands Adrenaline and Noradrenalin
(both hormones) are produced
by the adrenal glands
![Page 91: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Adrenaline and Noradrenalin • Combination of both is secreted when
a person faces a stressful situation
• These arouse the body and help it cope
with the situation.
![Page 92: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Adrenaline and Noradrenalin • Adrenaline plays
a role in
emotions (fear
and anxiety)
• Noradrenalin
raises the blood
pressure and
also is used as a
neurotransmitter.
![Page 93: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Testes and Ovaries
• Testes (found in males)
• Ovaries (found in females)
![Page 94: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
![Page 95: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Testes and Ovaries
• Both produce Testosterone
–male sex hormone (females
have small amounts of
testosterone)
–Role in development during
prenatal adolescence stages.
![Page 96: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Testosterone • During prenatal stages it
projects sex organs.
• Adolescently it helps develop muscle and bone as well as development of primary and secondary sex characteristics.
• A steroid
![Page 97: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Sex Characteristics
• Primary sex characteristics
have to do with reproduction
• Secondary sex
characteristics are
byproducts of the gender
(i.e. beard growth)
![Page 98: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Estrogen and Progesterone
• Both are female sex hormones
(males have small amounts of both,
also.)
• Ovaries produce both hormones in
women.
• Estrogen’s purpose is to foster
development of primary and
secondary sex characteristics
(such as breasts)
![Page 99: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Estrogen and Progesterone
• Progesterone helps prepare
the body for pregnancy
• Both regulate the menstrual
cycle
• Changes in estrogen levels
are lined to PMS
![Page 100: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Heredity The
transmission
of
characteristic
from parent to
offspring
![Page 101: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Heredity
Key role in the
development
of traits both
in people
and in
animals
![Page 102: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Heredity
Physical
Traits Hair
Hair Texture
Eye color
![Page 103: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Heredity Related to some psychological
Traits:
• Shyness
• Leadership
• Aggressiveness
• Interest in Arts and Crafts
![Page 104: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Heredity
Environment
still hold a
role in the
heredity
psychological
traits
![Page 105: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Heredity Heredity has been shown to be one
factor involved in many
psychological disorders:
• Anxiety and depression
• Schizophrenia (distortion in thinking,
perception, emotion and behavior)
• Bipolar disorder (moods inappropriately
alternates between extremes of elation
and depression)
• Alcoholism
![Page 106: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Heredity Genes and
chromosomes
• Genes are the
basic building
blocks of
heredity
• Grouped in pairs
(one from each
parent)
![Page 107: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Heredity Chromosomes are where genes are
-Threadlike structures
– Composed of deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA)
– Most human cells contain 46
chromosomes that reorganize into
23 pairs
![Page 108: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Heredity
• The 23rd pair determines the
sex of the individual
–Males XY
–Females XX
– Male chromosomes determine
the sex of the offspring
![Page 109: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Heredity Children born without 46 chromosomes
in
each cell have physical and behavioral
disorders
Down syndrome is the result of extra
chromosomes.
![Page 110: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
![Page 111: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
The Nature vs. Nurture Debate
• Nature refers to what people
inherit-biological groundwork
that prepares a person to
develop in certain ways
• Nurture refers to environmental
factors what a person is
exposed to in life
![Page 112: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Kinship studies • Refers to the degree to which
people are related based on the
genes they have in common
• Use these studies to determine
the influence of environment and
genetics
• Two common types of kinship
studies are twin studies are twin
studies and adoptee studies.
![Page 113: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Twin Studies
• Identical twins- share the same genetic
makeup (100%)
• Fraternal twins- share an average of
50% of their genes
![Page 114: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Adoptee Studies
Children that
shares the
same heredity,
but have had
different
environments
![Page 115: Biology and Behavior Chapter 3 - thomas.k12.ga.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042421/6260300389591c089668dcd2/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Twins reared apart
Children that share
the same genetic
make up but were
raised in different
environments are
the best ways to
test the Nature
vs. Nurture
debate.