Download - Biology
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Content Standard 6.1
Specialized cells enable organismsto monitor what is going on in the world around them.
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Several body systemsadjust to maintainthese stable conditions.
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Homeostasis - 6 min
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Movement of water through the cellmembrane.
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Tonicity - 3 min
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In an isotonic solution,water concentration isthe same inside andoutside the cell.
This is theideal conditionfor living cells.
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In a hypotonic solution,water concentration isgreater outside the cellthan inside the cell.
Water willmove intothe cell.
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In a hypertonic solution,water concentration isgreater inside the cellthan outside the cell.
Water willmove out of the cell.
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The shrinking of a cell as water moves out by osmosis.
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Normal plant cell
vacuoles contain water
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Water beginningto move out of cell.
vacuoles begin to shrinkand cell membranebegins to pull away fromthe cell wall
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Most of the waterhas moved outof the cell.
empty spacecell membrane
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Nervous system - 5 min
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TheCentral
Nervous System,
CNS
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ThePeripheral Nervous System,
PNS
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Central Nervous System,CNS
1 - cerebrum2 - brainstem3 - cerebellum4 - spinal cord
Brain
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Peripheral Nervous System, PNS
Nerves that connect the CNSto the rest of the body.
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B1 - Somatic Nervous System
Controls voluntary movementof the skeletal muscles.
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B2 - Autonomic Nervous System
Controls involuntary actionsof the body.
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There are more than10 Billion nerve cellsin the human body.
Nerve Cells
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Nerve Cells - 5 min
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The ThreeParts of aNeuron
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Cell body structuresare the same asregular cells.
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Carry signalstoward thecell body.
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Carries signalsaway from thecell body.
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Most neurons haveseveral dendrites...
but only one axon.
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This gap is bridged by chemicals calledneurotransmitters.
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1. Resting state -
the neuron is not conducting impulse.
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2. Depolarization -
The neuron is stimulated. Sodium ions, Na+, move into the cell.
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3. Repolarization -
Potassium ions, K+, move out of the cell to balance the charge.
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4. Travel -
A wave of charge changesmoves across the cell.
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5. Transmission -
Neurotransmitters are thechemical messengers thatbridge the synapse.
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6. Refractory period -
The time it takes a neuron to return to its resting potential after being stimulated.
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The refractory periodfor humans is4/1000 of a second.
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120meters/sec
1/2
meter/sec
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120meters/sec
1/2
meter/sec
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The Brain - 10 min
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Contains about 1 x 1011 neurons
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Makes up about 2% of your body weight
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Uses 20% of your body’s oxygen
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The Cerebrum contains 75% of your neurons.
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Reasoning, speech,movement, and emotions
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Touch, pressure,temperature, and pain
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Vision
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Hearing and memory
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Controls muscle coordinationand balance
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Midbrain controlsreflexes and pupil size
Midbrain
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Pons relays signals betweencerebrum & cerebellum
Pons
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Medulla controls heart and breathing rate
Medulla
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There are31 pairs of
Spinal Nerves
C 1-7
T 1-12
L 1-5
S 1-5
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There are 12 pairs of Cranial Nerves
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Sensory Nervesof the PNS
cover all partsof the body.
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Concentration of sense organs at the “front” of an organism.
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What is the advantage of cephalization?
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Traumatic Brain Injuries
Degenerative Brain Diseases
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Concussion
occurs when small braincapillaries are broken,a brain bruise.
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Contusion
the result of marked tissue damage.
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Cerebral Edema
swelling of the brain due to injury.
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CerebrovascularAccidents - CVAs
commonly called strokes, occur when blood circulation to an area of the brain is blocked.
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Stroke - 6 min
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Temporary brain ischemia,restriction of blood flow, is called a transient ischemic attack, TIA.
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Alzeimer’s disease
a progressive degenerativedisease of the brain thateventually results in dementia,mental deterioration.
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Any one spot onthe skin cannot"feel" every sensation.
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There are even spots on the skin that have NO sensory receptors.
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Touch - 3 min
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How many differenttastes are there?
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How many differenttastes are there?
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Taste - 1 min
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How many differenttastes are there?
There are FIVE tastes.
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Salty - Na+
Sour - H+
Sweet - organic molecules
Bitter - Quinine
Umami - glutamate (MSG)
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Umami is Japanese for "wonderful taste",
it is the opposite of bitter.
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"savory"
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Of the approximately 10,000 taste buds, MOST are locatedon the tongue.
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However, a few are found on the soft palate and the innersurface of the cheeks.
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Current researchshows that tastebuds of all kinds arescattered acrossthe tongue surface.
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Bitter (base) - 0.000008 M
Sour (acid) - 0.0009 MSalt & Sugar - 0.01 M
Threshold Taste Concentrations
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Bitter (base) - 0.000008 M
Sour (acid) - 0.0009 MSalt & Sugar - 0.01 M
Why do we havesuch good receptorsfor bitter??
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Most poisonshave a
bitter taste.
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Smell - 1 min
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1000s of olfactoryreceptors occupya postage stampsized area in theroof of eachnasal cavity.
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Hundreds ofdifferent odorantsare interpretedas the “fingerprint”for a particular odor.
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Most of what we call "flavor"actually comes from the odorsthat reach the nasal passagesat the back of the throat.
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Why are some "perfumes" cheap, while others arevery expensive?
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It all depends on"staying power"
3-methyl-1-butanethiol
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3-MBT
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A. CarotidB. RadialC. BrachialD. AorticE. AbdominalF. FemoralG. Popliteal
7 Arterial Pulse Points
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Sound occurswhen a movingor vibratingobject causesthe air aroundit to move.
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Bones of the middle ear
Malleus(hammer)
Incus(anvil)
Stapes(stirrup)
The smallest bones in the body
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Hearing - 6 min
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A Penrose triangleis an impossible object.
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There are NO curved lines on this drawing.
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Count The Black Dots
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Squares A and B are BOTH this shade of grey.
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The green and blue on this drawingare the SAMEcolor.
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Which way is the wheel turning?
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You can see nearly 8 milliondifferent colors
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Blinking causes your eyes to beclosed about30 minutesevery day.
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Properties of vision - 4 min
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Close your left and eye and focus your right eye on the tiny cross. At some point the big circle will disappear as it crosses your 'blind spot'.
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Rods and Cones are the receptor cells for vision
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Rods function in low lightand do not detect color.
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Rods detect motion butdo not provide sharp detail.
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Cones function in bright light and detect color.
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Cones provide sharp detail butare not as responsive to motion.
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How can scientists saywith confidence that most mammals arecolorblind?
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It's all about the CONES.
Full color vision requires
three
types ofcone cells.
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S cones respond to short wavelengths of light.
M cones respond to medium wavelengths of light.
L cones respond to long wavelengths of light.
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Humans have about 5 millioncone cells and about90 million rod cellsin each eye.
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Humans, apes, most old world monkeys, ground squirrels, and many species of fish, birds, and insects have well-developed color vision,(3 cone types).
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Mammals with limited color vision include mice, rats, rabbits, cats, and dogs.
These mammalshave only TWOtypes of cones.
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Trichromatic
Vision
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DichromaticVision
WhatWeSee
WhatDogSees
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Monochromatic Vision
WhatBullSees
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Tetrachromatic, or even
Pentachromatic Vision
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Whatdoes that
mean?
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Nocturnal animals - such as foxes,skunks, and raccoons - whose vision is specialized for dim light seldom have good color vision.
Owls seem to be an exception.
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Bees have trichromatic vision,
which is insensitive to red
but sensitive in ultraviolet to
a color called
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Plants - 13 min
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Early plant scientists observed these movements, but could not explain the
mechanism causing them.
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Today, we know these growth responses are
caused by hormones.
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Stimulates cell elongation
Stimulates shoot elongation
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Tropisms are caused by growth hormones.
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Phototropisma growth response to light
Solar tracking is a hydroscopic movement of leaves or flowers as they follow the sun's movement across the sky.
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Thigmotropism allows vines to climb.
Thigmotropisma growth response to
contact with a solid object
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Roots are positively gravitropic, growing downward.
Gravitropisma growth response to gravity
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Stems are negatively gravitropic, growing upward.
Gravitropisma growth response to gravity
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Chemotropisma response to chemicals
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Most plants have a positive response to water - growing toward it.
Hydrotropisma response to water
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are NOT tropisms.
They are fast movements due to changes inwater pressure
Hydroscopic Movements
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