Download - Biological Control and Vegetation Management
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Biological Control and Vegetation Management
J.P. Cuda, Ph.D.Associate Professor
Entomology & Nematology DepartmentGainesville, FL 32611-0620
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TopicsTopics•• IntroductionIntroduction•• Overview of Current ProjectsOverview of Current Projects•• Examine Potential ProjectsExamine Potential Projects•• Questions?Questions?
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TopicsTopics•• IntroductionIntroduction
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What is Biological Control ?• Planned Use of Undomesticated
Organisms to Reduce the Vigor, Reproductive Capacity, or Density of Weeds (DeLoach 1997).
• Four Categories:– Augmentation (Arthropods, Pathogens, Grass Carp)
– Conservation (Arthropods, Habitat Manipulation)
– Importation or Classical (Arthropods, Pathogens)
– Fortuitous (Arthropods, Pathogens)
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TACTICS OF INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENTTACTICS OF INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT
BIOLOGICALBIOLOGICAL CULTURALCULTURAL CHEMICALCHEMICAL MechanicalMechanicalPREVENTION
IMPORTATIONIMPORTATION AUGMENTATIONAUGMENTATION CONSERVATIONCONSERVATION INORGANICINORGANICORGANICORGANIC
NATURALNATURAL SYNTHESIZEDSYNTHESIZED NATURALNATURAL SYNTHESIZEDSYNTHESIZED
PERMANENT TEMPORARY
Relative Degree of Sustainability
FortuitousFortuitous
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Importation (Classical) BioControl
•• Introduction of Introduction of Host SpecificHost SpecificNatural Enemies from the Natural Enemies from the WeedWeed’’s Native Range to s Native Range to Permanently Suppress the Permanently Suppress the Plant in its AdventivePlant in its Adventive11 RangeRange
11Arrived into a specified geographical region Arrived into a specified geographical region from elsewhere by ANY means.from elsewhere by ANY means.
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Conceptual Basis for Classical BC• Native Host Specific Enemies Strongly
Control the Abundance and/or Distribution of Native Plants
• Escape from Host Specific Enemies is a Key Contributor to Exotic Plant Success
• Enemy Escape Benefits Exotics Because They Gain a Competitive Advantage Over Native Plants as a Result of Being Liberated from Their Pests
(Williams 1954)
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Objective of Classical BioControl
• Introduce or Apply Natural Enemies to Suppress and Maintain the Density of the Weed at “ACCEPTABLE” Levels
• Biological Control is NOT Eradication
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How Does BioControl Work ?
TIME
NU
MB
ER EIL
EDNatural Enemy
Weed
ED
• Weed establishes equilibrium density (ED)* above economic injury level (EIL)**
• Natural enemy lowers ED & maintains it below EIL
*ED - Long term mean density**EIL – Lowest density causing
economic or ecological damage
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Advantages of Classical Weed BC
• Minimal Impact on Non-targets• Environmentally Friendly• Classical Biocontrol is Permanent• Suitable for Weeds of Natural
Areas– Minimal Disturbance
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Disadvantages of Classical BC
• Control is Not Immediate (5–10 years)• Little Interest in Commercialization• Unpredictable
– Some Natural Enemies Fail to Establish– Some Natural Enemies are Ineffective
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BioControl “Pipeline”
Credit: USDA, ARS
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New Quarantine FacilitiesUSDA-ARS Laboratory, Ft. Lauderdale
UF/DACS Laboratory, Ft. Pierce
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Defining BioControl Success(in Operational Terms)
• Complete- No other control methods are needed
• Substantial- Other methods needed but at reduced level
• Negligible- Other methods arerequired
(Hoffmann 1998)
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TopicsTopics•• IntroductionIntroduction•• Overview of Current ProjectsOverview of Current Projects
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(Habeck et al. 1989, Wheeler et al. 2001)
Brazilian Peppertree (BP)•• Fortuitous Fortuitous BioControlBioControl-- TorymidTorymid Seed Wasp Seed Wasp
Megastigmus transvaalensis
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1.1. ThripsThrips-- Damages ShootsDamages Shoots
2. BP Sawfly2. BP Sawfly-- DefoliatorDefoliator
3.3. Seed WaspSeed Wasp-- Attacks FruitsAttacks Fruits
4. Weevil4. Weevil-- Stem/Root FeederStem/Root Feeder
5.5. PsyllidPsyllid-- Galls LeavesGalls Leaves
6. 6. LeafrollerLeafroller-- DefoliatorDefoliator
Brazilian Peppertree 11
22
33
55
66
44
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Skunk Vine
Leaf Beetle Adult
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Strawberry Guava
Data from Nguyen et al. (1992)
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Tropical Soda Apple
Leaf Beetle Adult & Larva
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Cogon Grass
Cogan Grass Infestation (left) and Treatment Plot with BioHerbicide
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Melaleuca
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Climbing Ferns
Adult Moth & Caterpillar
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TopicsTopics•• IntroductionIntroduction•• Overview of Current ProjectsOverview of Current Projects•• Examine Potential ProjectsExamine Potential Projects
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Purple Sesban, Rattlebox
Seed Weevil
J. Hoffmann, Capetown Univ.
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Chinese Tallow
Leaf Beetle Adult
Plant Sucking Aphid
E. Siemann, Rice Univ.
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Chinese Privet
Weevil Adult & Larva
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For More BioControl Info:
http://http://ifasbooks.ufl.eduifasbooks.ufl.edu//
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Brazilian Peppertree Management Plan
http://http://www.fleppc.org/Manage_Plans/schinus.pdfwww.fleppc.org/Manage_Plans/schinus.pdf
• 1st Edition of BP Management Plan
– 1997• Revised Management
Plan Completed– April 2006
• 2nd Edition Available– In Print and On-Line:
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Traditional & Electronic Publications
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/index.html
Classical Biological Control of Weeds with Insects: Melaleuca Weevil1
J. P. Cuda, S.A. Wineriter, G.R. Buckingham, T.D. Center, and K.T. Gioeli2
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http://http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/guide/biocons.htmlplants.ifas.ufl.edu/guide/biocons.html
Web Sites
http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/
http://ipm.ifas.ufl.edu/
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TopicsTopics•• IntroductionIntroduction•• Overview of Current ProjectsOverview of Current Projects•• Examine Potential ProjectsExamine Potential Projects•• Questions?Questions?