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Biological Aspects of Personality
Theories of PersonalityPrepared by: Jim Messina,
Ph.D.
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Key Biological Theorists Charles Darwin Ivan Pavlov Hans Eysenck 1916-1997 Francis Galton
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Evolutionary Personality Theory Application of Darwin’s Theory
of Evolution Function of a survival
characteristic evolves over time
Belief that many of individual characteristics are “in our bones” in our genes
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Natural Selection Process by which certain
adaptive characteristics emerge over generations
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Examples of Genetic Personality Types Angelman Syndrome – chromosome
15 Friendly Oral driven
Downs Syndrome - chromosome 21 Friendly – easy to get along with Caring, Loving Approval seeking
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Study of Temperaments-Based on Work of Pavlov Temperament: stable individual
differences in emotional reactivity which remain stable as children mature
Different nervous system responses to unpleasant stimuli
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4 Basic Aspects of Temperament
Social-Introversion-Extroversion- seek or avoid being with/in front people
Emotionality-fearful, angry, mood swings vs relaxed, calm, placid, stable
Activity-vigorous, always in motion vs passive, lethargic
Impulsive-aggressive-bully vs peace maker, plans vs quick changes, cold vs conscientious & friendly
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Introversion vs Extroversion
Hans Eysenck – ties this to central nervous system – Biologically based personality theory
Extroverts – Low level of Brain arousal and seek stimulation
Introverts – High level of Brain arousal shy away from over-stimulation
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Nervous System Arousal Stable people-well-modulated
nervous systems Neurotic people-very reactive
nervous systems
Tests: EEG, Electrodermal measure (lie detector)
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Sensation Seeking Seek new challenge or new high Seek highly stimulating activities Attracted to unknown Low level of natural (internal
biological) activation –seek arousal from environment
Left and right side of Brain
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The Brain Brain reaches its maximum
number of synaptic connections and its greatest metabolic activity around age 3 or 4
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Brain Hemispheric Hypothesis Left side of Brain-Role in Positive
Emotions-Creative side of Brain Right side of Brain-Role in Negative
Emotions-Methodological, systematic side of Brain
Try out this test to get the impact of right and left hemisphere operations
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Top view of Brain
1. genu of the corpus collosum2. head of caudate nucleus3. putamen4. globus pallidus5. thalamus6. tail of caudate nucleus7. splenium of corpus callosum8. amygdala9. substantia nigra
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PET Scan of Brain of Adult with ADHD
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PET Scans Demonstrates metabolism of
glucose in brain under arousal Brain on left is normal adult
brain under arousal Brain on right is Brain of Adult
with ADHD – frontal lobe of brain most
involved in adults with ADHD
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Messages from Brain Travel by Nervous System
The Central Nervous System is the Communications Highway of the body
Brings help to the body based on the messages it screens from the environment
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Neurons where the messages are delivered! Bio-chemical
electrical impulses create a cascade of effects based on the message sent to various organ receptors of the body
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Neurotransmitters Impacted Too!
Not only are there physiological changes but there is altering of neurotransmitters based on messages from brain
Absence or overabundance can create whole new set of consequences
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Neurotransmitters Brain = Billions of Brain Cells-
Neurons Neurons transmit information –
electrical conduction within nerve cells & between nerve cells
Message once carried through body cell (Axon) crosses space –Synapse to receiving cell
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Neurotransmitters
Tip of Axon-tiny sacs contain neurotransmitter chemicals which are automatically released by sending nerve cell
Neurotransmitter chemicals excite receiving cell causing cell to fire to send message through its own body-Axon to next receiving cell
Once message received neurotransmitter is deactivated and taken up from synapse and stored in sacs so as not to cause repeated firing of the receiving cell
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Types of Neurotransmitters
Dopamine-dopaminergic system Norepinephrine-noradrenergic
system Serotonin-serotonergic system Control senses, thinking, perception,
mood, attention, and behavior Unfortunately at this time we can
not measure amount for baseline therapeutic levels
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Hans Eysenck- 3 Type Theory –Biological Determinism-
Heredity in Everything E – Extraversion – linked to ascending
reticular activating system (ARAS)-reticular formation of Brain Stem
N – Neuroticism – linked to limbic system-brains emotional center regulates sex, fear & aggression
P – Psychoticism – linked to endocrine gland-especially which controls sex drive
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Eysenck’s Types E-extraversion – introversion Neuroticism-stability Psychoticism-superego functioning People show degrees of all 3 types Encouraged Twin studies
especially of identical twins who were adopted separately
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Sir Francis Galton Supposition that Upper Class
Englishmen were a superior population
Began the study of adoptive twins Began the “eugenics” movement Encouraged eminent families to
have lots of children to improve the human blood lines
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Eugenics Good Birth or Good Genes is the
cause of peoples’ high intelligence and stable emotional well-being
Recommend forced sterilization of the poor
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Kin Selection
Nieces and nephews of people with certain traits thought to be genetic based- homosexuality, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder – genetic tendency toward these conditions survives since nephews and nieces share some genetic makeup with uncle or aunt who has these traits.
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Mediated effects of Biology Disease-Parkinson’s, ear, heart,
lung, systemic, surgery Poisoning-mercury, lead,
manganese Brain disease-Alzheimer’s, strokes,
epilepsy, tumors Illegal drugs, LSD, cocaine, crack
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Somatotypology-W.H.Sheldon, 1942 Three Body Types have influence
on personality: Mesomorphs-muscular, large
boned, athletic Ectomorphs- slender, bookworm Endomorphs- overweight, roly-
poly, good natured
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Survival of the Fittest Darwin’s concept that the fittest
survive over time Misused to mean: weak creatures
should not survive Pseudoscientific justification for
the oppression of minorities
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Social Darwinism Applying evolutionary theory in a
crude way to society Not only individuals but societies
and cultures naturally compete in survival of the fittest
It was ok to subjugate those seen as inferior race or culture
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Sociobiology Scientific study of the influence of
evolutionary biology on individual responses regarding social matters
Focus: Analysis of human aggression, human courtship and raising young children
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Attachment Close bond – develops shortly after
birth between infant and caretaker(mother)
Infant clings, gurgles, smiles to attract caregiver-so that caregiver will nurture the infant
Attachment system insures survival of the of infant-ensures passing of mothers genes
Evolutionary function for cuteness of infants
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Human Genome Project The accomplished task of
identifying the tens of thousands of genes in chromosomes
Develop treatments for inherited diseases
Movement towards Gene Therapy Potential threat: genetic
engineering
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Biological Determination Personality simply a matter of
genes, brains, and hormones Behavior is determined by
biological tendencies Minimizes the human potential for
growth and change