BIOL 2030 Human Anatomy & Physiology IIBIOL 2030 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What is the function of the heart?
the heart’s function is to…
Pump characteristics:
Essentially ______________, hence 2 routes!
-____________
-____________
Location -________________ -________________
Size -___________
Orientation -_________
Where should the tin man look for a heart?
Heart held in position via attachments: -on top: ______________
-below:
What is the external anatomy of the heart?
Heart surrounded by a double-layered protective sac the _______________
Consists of three layers:
Fibrous pericardium
Visceral pericardiumParietal pericardium
_______________He died of a broken heart... ___________________
What is the external anatomy of the heart?
______________________________
_______________ Pericardial cavity
_____________
right = ________left = _________“_________”
______________
_______
_________________(divides atria and ventricles)
_________________ (divides ventricles)
What is the external anatomy of the heart?
The cardiac sulci are marked by ___________, which are associated with ____________________.
What is the external anatomy of the heart?
Vessels associated with sulci…
__________________ (Right and Left)
__________________ (anterior and posterior)
What is the external anatomy of the heart?
Vessels associated with sulci…
__________________ _______________ return blood to heart via…
To what chamber? ?
What is the external anatomy of the heart?
________________
_____________ -3 entrances *__________ *__________
_______________ - - - …to pulmonary trunk
1
23
What is the internal anatomy of the heart?
______________
______________4 entrances (_____________)
____________ (Mitral valve)
_____________: Exit semilunar valves… to __________________
12
34
_____________________separates the R&L ventricles
_____________ separates R&L atria
What is the internal anatomy of the heart?
____________ or ______________?
The 3 “cardiums” or layers of the heart wall:
_________: smooth serous membrane and loose connective tissue
_________: thick muscular layer
_________: simple squamous epithelium and fibrous connective tissue
What is the anatomy of the heart wall?
Cardiac histology Characteristics:
Slower onset and longer duration of contraction
Why? mitochondria
myofibril
sarcomere
nucleus
Intercalateddiscs
branch
What is the histology of the heart wall?
Take 5!!!
Under resting conditions most ATP produced in cardiac muscle is derived from the metabolism of fatty acids. During periods of heavy exercise, however, cardiac muscle cells use lactic acid as an energy source. Why is this an advantage?
Discuss with your neighbor and predict an
answer
_________ “fires”
Impulse reaches ___ ______, 0.1 sec delay
Impulse travels to __ _______ (Bundle of His)
Impulse travels down _________ _______________
Finally back up ______________
What controls the timing and sequence of a heart beat?
____________:when tissue other than SA node initiates action potential
If not SA node what other possibilities?
What happens when your pacemaker loses time?
Electrodes used to measure change electric potential = ____________________
Each wave represents an electric potential
P wave = ________________
QRS complex = __________ _______________________
T wave = ____________ __________________
Where is atrial repolarization?
How can we represent this electrical activity?
Two terms used to describe status of myocardium:______ = contraction______ = relaxation
Terms can refer to atrial or ventricular condition…
However, if not specified it is always ventricular
What is the cardiac cycle?
Distinct periods occurring include:
Ventricular Systole 1) period of _______ _________
2) period of _________
What is the cardiac cycle?
Ventricular Diastole 3) period of ________ ________4) period of _______ _______ _______ (70%)
5) period of _______ ________ ____
What is the cardiac cycle?
Take 5!!!
Fibrillation is abnormal, rapid contractions of different parts of the heart that prevent the heart muscle from contracting as a single unit. Why does atrial fibrillation not cause immediate death, but ventricular fibrillation does?
Discuss with your neighbor and predict an
answer
Heart sounds are caused by…
Consists of:
“Lubb” =
Normal heart sounds
Mitral valve stenosis
“Dup” =
Sometimes a third sound =
What makes the rhythm of this drum in my chest?
The heart is regulated in two fashions…
1) ______________depends on characteristics of the heart itself(in or out of the body!)
• ____________
• ______________ (preload relates to stroke volume)
How is the heart’s activity regulated?
2) ____________depends on neural and hormonal control
• _______________ via vagus nerves < heart rate“vagal stimulation”
• _______________ via cardiac nerves > heart rate & > force of contraction
• _______________ > rate & > force...via which ones?
How is the heart’s activity regulated?
__________monitor conditions including:
1) Changes in pressure (______________) in major arteries work with medulla oblongata
Effects of ions
1) ________+ can decrease heart contraction to heart block2) _________++ can increase rate (death due to skeletal muscle tetany)
Effects of temperature = ?
2) Changes in chemistry (_____________) in medulla oblongata (CO2) and major arteries (O2)
How is homeostasis of the heart achieved?
• Endocarditis• Myocarditis• Rheumatic fever
(endocarditis)• Coronary heart
disease• Angina pectoris• Myocardial
infarction
• Congenital heart defects:
Septal defects
Patent ductus arteriosus
Stenosis
Incompetent (prolapsed) valve• Cyanosis• CHF• Hypertension
What are some of the diseases/disorders of the heart?