Download - Biogerographyand ecology of ferns
![Page 1: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Biogeography and Ecology of Ferns
Geonyzl L. Alviola
![Page 2: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Biogeography
factors to be considered:
a) size of geographical ranges, and their
spatial placement; b) the way individual
species attain their distribution ranges
(dispersal, extinction and vicariance);
c) the distribution of species numbers
(alpha diversity);
![Page 3: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
d) changes in species composition and e) spatial distribution of species traits (beta diversity).
![Page 4: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
But according to Barrington (1993) that there were three prominent factors relevant to fern biogeography:
a) habitat preferences and distribution;
b) the unique reproductive biology of ferns and
c) long distance dispersal
![Page 5: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Ferns are suitable organisms for biogeographic studies because of the following reasons:
a) its worldwide distribution;
b) moderately high but manageable species richness;
and the occurrence of independent gametophytic and
c.) sporophyte generations of ferns, allow direct
comparison of moss-like and angiosperm-like.
Which make them a great model how land plants evolved.
![Page 6: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Habitat preferences and Distributionminute filmy plants whose height might range from 2 mm to 3mm (0.08 to 0.12 inch)
Azolla filiculoides
tree fern in class Polypodiopsida
with an average height of 10 to 25 m.
![Page 7: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Geographically ferns are usually found in the tropics, there are only few species could be found in the Arctic and Antarctic regions
A number of families that are exclusive to tropical areas like the:
Marattiaceae , Cyatheaceae,
Blechnaceae Davalliaceae.
Gleicheniaceae,
Schizaeaceae,
![Page 8: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Certain genera of ferns could be found in temperate and Arctic regions like the:
Athyrium,
Cystopteris,
Dryopteris and
Polystichum.
![Page 9: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
From the widespread fern species :
![Page 10: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Dispersal and Vicariance
Dispersal of ferns species takes place primarily via dust-like spores, but there are species produces gametophytic gemmae for medium dispersal.
Grandstein and van Zanten (2001) had an
experiment on spore dispersal in extreme
environmental condition exposing the spores on
low temperatures and high UV radiation exposure.
![Page 11: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Long-distance dispersal of ferns is effective because most ferns have small, lightweight spores that will develop into a gametophyte capable of producing both egg and sperm.
Factors influencing the potential for long distance
dispersal would be the :
- size,
- shape and
- ornamentation of the spores, and
- spores with or without chlorophyll.
![Page 12: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Families with Green spores
Some families of ferns which are chlorophyllus such as:
Equisataceae,
Hymenophyllaceae,
Onocleaceae and
Osmundaeceae
![Page 13: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Dispersal to Oceanic Islands
![Page 15: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Adenophorus which related to the Grammitis
![Page 17: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Vicariance
Latin word vicaries derived from vicis means for change,
alternation vicariance may happen due to continental drift
long time ago that resulted to biogeographic
patterns
![Page 18: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Range size: Variability and Spatial Distribution
A. Range size and its correlates Ferns and lycophytes were geographically widespread in
distribution than the flowering plants due to their efficient spore
dispersal. But other interpretations have also suggest other factors like :
= age,
= ecological requirements,
= availability of suitable habitats and
= the ability of the species to reach these habitats and survive
![Page 19: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Cystopteris fragilis
and that occur almost
throughout temperate
regions and tropical
montane ecosystem.
Lycopodium clavatum
![Page 20: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Range size may be also correlated with other reproductive and morphological traits.
Japanese ferns =
ranges are larger in species with multiple
reproductive modes (sexual and vegetative
propagation)
![Page 21: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Endemism
FACTORS OF ENDEMISM:
= Geographical isolation – separated by barriers like
mountain, or water
= Abiotic factors (nutrient, temperature, humidity,
elevation)
= Species of different life forms and habitat show
distinct patterns. eg. Epipetric ferns
![Page 23: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
American Hart’s Tongue Fern (Asplenium scolopendrium L.)
![Page 24: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Alpha Diversity
Alpha diversity refers to the diversity within a particular area or ecosystem and is usually expressed by the number of species in that ecosystem.
A. Pattern of species richness
Marsilea crenata
aquatic fern
![Page 25: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
B. Mountains as hot spots of biodiversity
Fern diversity among mountain ranges would vary depending on its elevation, because not all mountain ranges had the same elevation.
It has been observed that fern species have been
dependent on humid microhabitats, mild temperatures, in
ravines , streams rather than slopes.
![Page 26: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Beta Diversity
Beta diversity is the change of plant or animal communities along ecological gradients.
While these gradients can cover a wide range of
spatial , temporal and ecological aspects, studies on
the beta diversity of ferns have mostly focused on
change in geological substrates and soils as well as
elevation.
![Page 27: Biogerographyand ecology of ferns](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081419/587981d91a28ab6c358b5ad9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Soil Gradient
Elevational Gradient
1. Families Aspleniaceae and Dryopteridaceae
Found to the lowest to the highest elevation
2. Family Hymenophylleceae
Found at low to the middle elevation
Asplenium platyneuron