Download - Bioenergtika Ys
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
1/34
Yulia Suciati
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
2/34
Organisms can be classifiedaccording to their source of
energy (sunlight or oxidizablechemical compounds) and
their source of carbon for thesynthesis of cellular material.
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
3/34
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
4/34
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
5/34
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
6/34
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
7/34
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
8/34
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
9/34
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
10/34
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
11/34
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
12/34
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
13/34
Energy coupling in mechanical andchemical processes. (a) The downwardmotion of an object releases potentialenergy that can do mechanical work. The
potential energy made available byspontaneous downward motion, anexergonic process (pink), can be coupled tothe endergonic upward movement ofanother object (blue). (b) In reaction 1, theformation of glucose 6-phosphate fromglucose and inorganic phosphate (Pi) yieldsa product of higher energy than the tworeactants. For this endergonic reaction,Gis positive. In reaction 2, the exergonicbreakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)can drive an endergonic reaction when thetwo reactions are coupled. The exergonicreaction has a large, negative free-energychange (G2), and the endergonic reaction
has a smaller, positive free-energy change(G1). The third reaction accomplishes thesum of reactions 1 and 2, and the free-energy change, G3, is the arithmetic sumof _G1 andG2. BecauseG3 is negative,the overall reaction is exergonic andproceeds spontaneously.
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
14/34
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
15/34
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
16/34
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
17/34
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
18/34
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
19/34
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
20/34
Biological Energy transformations obey the
Laws of Thermodynamics
For any physical or chemical change, the total amount ofenergy in the universe remains constant; but it cannot becreated or destroyed.
The universe always tends toward increasing disorder: in allnatural processes, theentropyof the universe increases.
Living cells and organisms are open system, exchangingboth material and energy with their surroundings;
living systems are never at equilibriumwith theirsurrounding, and the constant transactions betweensystem and surrounding explain how organisms can createorder within themselves while operating within the secondlaw of the thermodynamics.
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
21/34
Free-energy change(G) is a measure of thechemical energy available from a reaction
DG = Gproducts - Greactants
H= change in enthalpy S= change in entropy
Free-Energy Change
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
22/34
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
23/34
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
24/34
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
25/34
Hydrolysis, by causingcharge separation(relieves electrostaticrepulsing)
Pi is stabilized byformation of a
resonance hybrid(samedegree of double bound)
ADP2- immediatelyionizes, releasing aprotoninto a medium of
very low (H+
). Greater degree of
solvation of theproducts Pi and ADPrelative to ATP.
Hydrolysis of ATP
electrostatic repulsing
solvation
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
26/34
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
27/34
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
28/34
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
29/34
Metabolism Is the Sum of CellularReactions
Metabolism- the entire network of chemicalreactions carried out by living cells
Metabolites- small molecule intermediates inthe degradation and synthesis of polymers
Catabolic reactions- degrade molecules to
create smaller molecules and energyAnabolic reactions- synthesize molecules for
cell maintenance, growth and reproduction
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
30/34
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
31/34
Major Pathways in Cells
Metabolic fuels
Three major nutrients consumed by mammals:
(1) Carbohydrates- provide energy(2) Proteins- provide amino acids for protein
synthesis and some energy(3) Fats- triacylglycerols provide energy and
also lipids for membrane synthesis
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
32/34
Overview of
catabolic pathways
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
33/34
-
8/10/2019 Bioenergtika Ys
34/34
Biokimia 2009