Government has released National Biofuel Policy in
March 2006
Aim: Reduce dependence of fossil fuel by promoting
demand of vegetable or animal fat as alternative as
biofuel.
Cost of feedstock
Biodiesel usually have high cost thanpetroleum-based diesel.
Process of making biodiesel are fixed, findthe low cost of raw material.
Produce biodiesel from waste chicken fats via microwave-assisted base catalyst transesterificationprocess
Optimize effect of reaction temperature, concentration of catalyst, molar ratio alcohol to oil and reaction time
Characterize the quality of biodiesel produced from chicken fats according to ASTMD 6751
made from vegetable oil or animal fat
easy-to-make
mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived
from renewable lipid sources
clean burning diesel alternative
Alcoholysis which the displacement of alcohol group from an
ester changed by another alcohol
FAME
FAME
FAME
Triglycerides
Monoglycerides
Diglycerides
List of Equipment Used:
Microwave Digester Drying Oven Gas Chromatography
Extraction of oil from chicken fats
Pre-treatment of Oil
Transesterification Process using Microwave Digester
Separation Of Methyl Ester and Glycerol
Washing process by using warm water
Characterization of biodiesel properties (Density, Iodine Value, Acid Value and Gas Chromatography Analysis)
Summary- Design of Experiment
Study Type Response Surface
Initial Design Box-Behnken
Design Model Quadratic
Runs 29
Blocks No Blocks
• Extraction of Chicken Oil
• Pretreatment of Chicken Oil• Free Fatty Acid(FFA) Analysis
• Digestion of Biodiesel • Separation of FAME and Glycerol
• Washing of Biodiesel • Biodiesel
• Characterization of FAME (Fatty Acids Methyl Ester)
Acid Number Iodine Value
Density Fatty Acids Analysis
Figure 4.1 Plot of predicted values against the experimental
value
Figure 4.2: Normal probability plot of residual for biodiesel
yield
R2 = 0.7759
y= 77.43+2.77A+5.23B+0.80C+3.85D+4.42AB-2.22AC-3.38AD+4.53BC+3.77D+2.95CD+2.29A2-5.09B2-2.69C2+7.88D2 (.Eq 4.1)
Where, y = biodiesel yield
A = molar ratio of methanol to oil
B = reaction time
C = catalyst concentration
D = reaction temperature
• Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Source Sum of
Squares
Degree of
Freedom
(DF)
Mean
Square
F-value Prob.> F Comment
Model
A
B
C
D
AB
AC
AD
BC
BD
CD
A^2
B^2
C^2
D^2
1720.87
91.96
328.44
7.65
177.87
78.15
19.71
45.70
81.90
56.85
34.81
34.02
167.89
46.94
402.52
14
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1122.92
91.96
328.44
7.65
177.87
78.15
19.71
45.70
81.90
56.85
34.81
34.02
167.89
46.94402.52
3.46
2.59
9.25
0.22
5.01
2.20
0.56
1.29
2.31
1.60
0.98
0.96
4.73
1.32
11.34
0.0134
0.1299
0.0088
0.6497
0.0420
0.1601
0.4685
0.2757
0.1511
0.2264
0.3389
0.3443
0.0473
0.26950.0046
significant
Residual
Lack of FitPure Error
497.13
486.54
10.60
14
104
35.51
48.65
2.65
18.36 0.0064 significant
Cor Total 2218.01 28
• RSM Analysis of Transesterification
Figure 4.3: Response surface plot of
biodiesel yield as a function of catalyst
concentration and molar ratio
Figure 4.4: Response surface plot
of biodiesel yield as a function of
temperature and molar ratio
Figure 4.5: Response surface plot of
biodiesel yield as a function of reaction
time and molar ratio
Figure 4.6: Response surface plot of
biodiesel yield as a function of
temperature and catalyst concentration
Figure 4.7: Response surface plot of
biodiesel yield as a function of reaction
time and catalyst concentration
Figure 4.8: Response surface plot of
biodiesel yield as a function of reaction
time and temperature
Number Molar
Ratio of
Alcohol
to Oil
Reaction
Time, min
Catalyst
Concentr
ation,
wt/wt%
Temperat
ure, °C
Biodiesel
Yield, %
Desirabili
ty
1 3.00 11.25 0.17 78.87 92.6345 0.277
2 3.00 11.29 0.17 78.86 92.6795 0.277
3 3.00 11.23 0.17 78.87 92.5694 0.277
Table 4.4 Solution generated based on potential factor setting
• Optimization and Verification of Model
• Quantitative Analysis of Chicken Fat Methyl Ester (CFME)
Acid Number, mg
KOH g- Iodine Value Density, kg m-3
Chicken Fat Methyl
Ester (CFME)0.2805 90.256 901.70
MPOB (ASTM
D6751:07b)0.5 (max.) - -
EN14214:2003 0.5 (max.) 120 (max.) 860-900
Table 4.5 Summary of result for quantitative analysis of chicken fat methyl
ester (CFME)
Type of Methyl Ester Area (%)
Myristic (C14:0) 0.41 Saturated
Palmitic (C16:0) 28.47 Saturated
Stearic (C18:0) 53.94 Saturated
Oleic (C18:1) 16.25 Unsaturated
Elaidic (C18:3) 0.19 Unsaturated
Linoleic (C18:2) 0.74 Poly unsaturated
Table 4.6 Result obtained from GC Analysis
• Analysis of Fatty Acids Content using Gas Chromatography
• The quadratic proved to be significant, model fit with
coefficient of R2 was at 0.7759.
• The coefficient for reaction time, B (5.23) was the most
significant.
• The optimum parameter verified at 70°C, 3:1 molar ratio of
methanol to oil, 0.17 wt/wt% catalyst concentrations and
11.29 min reaction.
• The use of microwave will help in considerable time and cost
saving.
According to the results, the following conclusions can be
drawn:
Demirbas, A., (2008). Biodiesel Production via RapidTranesterification. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization,and Environmental Effects, 30(19), 1830-1834.
Gerpen, J.V. (2005) Biodiesel Processing and Production. FuelProcessing Technology, 86, 1097-1107.
Knothe, G., Krahl, J., Van Gerpen, J., Eds. (2005). The BiodieselHandbook. (2nd ed). Illinois: AOCS Press.
Veljkovic´, V.B., Lakicevic, S.H., Stamenkovic, O.S., Todorovic,Z.B., Lazic, K.L., (2006). Biodiesel Production from Tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.) Seed Oil with a High Content of Free FattyAcids. Fuel 85, 2671–2675.