Biocombustíveis 01/12/2004
Suzana Kahn RibeiroProfessora Programa de Engenharia
de TrasnportesPET/COPPE/UFRJ
ENERGY AND TRANSPORT - WORLD USE OF OIL PER ENERGY AND TRANSPORT - WORLD USE OF OIL PER
SECTORSECTOR
Consumo Mundial de Óleo Diesel - 1973
Non Energetic Use6%
Other Sectors25%
Industry26%
Transport43%
Consumo Mundial de Óleo Diesel - 2000
Transport58%
Other Sectors16%
Industry20%
Non Energetic Use6%
1973
2000
43% 58%
+16.5%
(IEA 2002)
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
ENERGY AND TRANSPORT – ENERGY AND TRANSPORT – WORLD SHARE OF ENERGY DEMAND IN WORLD SHARE OF ENERGY DEMAND IN
TRANSPORTTRANSPORT
Natural Gas2,4%
Coal0,4%
Electricity1.2%
Oil96,0%
(IEA 2002)
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
ENERGY AND TRANSPORT – ENERGY AND TRANSPORT –
ENERGY USE IN TRANSPORT PER REGIONENERGY USE IN TRANSPORT PER REGION
Economies in Transition
OECD Delloping Countries World
0.000
1.000
2.000
3.000
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
[GtE
P]
3.6% aa
1.4% aa
Developed countries
Economies in Transition
Developing countries
World
(WBCSD, 2004)
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
PROJECTIONSPROJECTIONS OF THE EMISSIONS OF CARBON IN OF THE EMISSIONS OF CARBON IN THE WORLDTHE WORLD
1998
38 % Countries in development
24% USA
25% Asia and Western Europe
13 % Ex-URSS and Oriental Europe
23 billion tons of C
(EPA, 2001)
2020
21% USA
18% Asia and Western
Europe
11 % Ex-URSS and Oriental
Europe
35 billion tons of C
50% Countries in development
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
POSSIBLE TRANSPORT FUEL PATHWAYPOSSIBLE TRANSPORT FUEL PATHWAY
(WBCSD, 2004)
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
Sistema de Propulsão X CombustívelSistema de Propulsão X Combustível
(WBCSD, 2004 )
BIOFUELS DEFINITIONBIOFUELS DEFINITIONEither in liquid form such as fuel ethanol or biodiesel, or gaseous form such as biogas or hydrogen, biofuels are simply transportation fuels derived from biological (e. g. agricultural) sources:
•Cereals, grains, sugar crops and other biomass can fairly easily be fermented to produce ethanol;
•Oil-seed crops (e. g. rapeseed, soybean and sunflower) can be converted into methyl esters - biodiesel;
•Organic waste material can also be converted into energy forms which can be used as automotive fuel: waste oil (e. g. frying oil) into biodiesel; animal manure and organic household wastes into biogas (e. g. methane); and agricultural and forestry waste products into ethanol.
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
LAND CLIMATE
LABOR
TECHNOLOGY
GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
ECONOMIC RESOURCES
WHAT IS NECESSARY TO PRODUCE
BIOFUELS?
INFRASTRUCTURE
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
ETHANOLETHANOL
1. Renewable fuel, that has the least contribution to the greenhouse effect;
2. Liquid of low toxicity and good popular acceptance;
3. Dominated technology;
4. Job generation in the field;
5. Use of available infrastructure of liquid fuels production and distribution;
6. Fuel that can be used pure (hydrous) or in mixtures with the gasoline (anhydrous);
7. Fuel for the new propulsion technologies.
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
% PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL BY TYPE IN BRAZIL% PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL BY TYPE IN BRAZIL
1997 to 20031997 to 2003
Growth of anhydrous ethanol... but with the Flex Fuels cars the consumption of hydrous ethanol is increasing .
97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03
Anhydrous 37 41 47 53 56 56
Hydrous 63 59 53 47 44 44
Year
Ethanol
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
Share of Flex Fuel sales in 2004Share of Flex Fuel sales in 2004
Isto é dinheiro 28/ 07/ 2004
14,9% 15,9% 16,4%
24,4% 24,1%
27,0%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
FLEX FUEL CARSFLEX FUEL CARS
The recognition of the amount of alcohol
and gasoline is made through an oxygen
sensor. This information is sent to the unit
of command in order to adapt all the
functions (injection, ignition, detonation
adjustment & control) to the mixture air /
fuel for any proportion of alcohol and
gasoline.
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
13/ 10/ 13/ 10/ 20042004
ADVANTAGES OF THE FLEX FUEL CAR ADVANTAGES OF THE FLEX FUEL CAR
Fuel supply flexibility ( price and availability )
Smaller cost when provisioning with alcohol
Flexibility of provisioning (price and readiness)
Consumption will depend on:
cost difference between gasoline and alcohol
autonomy need
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
13/ 10/ 13/ 10/ 20042004
SURVEY WITH USERS OF FLEX FUELSSURVEY WITH USERS OF FLEX FUELS
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
Costumers survey (UNICA, out/02): Image Flexfuel - excellent / flexibility 67% would buy flexfuel 63% would buy with the price up to 10% higher than gasoline car
(Volkswagen)
PlaceSale FF / Total
Brazil FFWho uses Hydrous
EthanolSP capital 18% 93%SP interior 21% 95%South 21% 40%Southeast (ex-SP) 17% 55%Northeast 8% 80%Center-west / North 10% 70%Average 68%
MODELSMODELS AND MARKET CURRENT PRICESAND MARKET CURRENT PRICES1 R$ = 2,97 U $1 R$ = 2,97 U $
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
AssemblersNumber of FF Models
Comparison of price of popular models (Gasoline/
Flex Fuel) Difference
Gasoline Car Flex Fuel Car
VW 4Gol 1.0 city Gol 1.6 city Motorization
R$ 20.740(U$ 6983)
R$ 25.278 (U$ 8511)
R$ 4.538 (U$ 1527)
GM 4
Corsa Hatch 1.0 Joy
Corsa Hatch 1.0 Joy Flex 1.8
Motorization
R$ 25.365 (U$ 8540)
R$ 28.360 (U$ 9548)
R$ 2.995 (U$ 1008)
Fiat 1Palio ELX 1.0
Palio ELX 1.3 Flex
Motorization
R$ 23.990 (U$ 8077)
25.280 (U$ 8511)
R$ 1.290 (U$ 434)
PRICE : GASOLINE X ALCOHOLPRICE : GASOLINE X ALCOHOL
• Consumption of Hydrous Ethanol 30% larger => difference is compensated if price is 30% than of the gasoline
From 19/09/2004 to 25/09/2004
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
Price at the filling station (Average)Difference
Gasoline Alcohol
Curitiba R$ 1,995 R$ 1,198 39,95%
Belo Horizonte R$ 1,971 R$ 1,321 32,98%
Recife R$ 2,143 R$ 1,381 35,56%
Ribeirão Preto R$ 1,997 R$ 0,949 52,48%
São Paulo R$ 1,991 R$ 1,028 48,37%
Campinas R$ 2,010 R$ 1,004 50,05%
Rio de Janeiro R$ 2,074 R$ 1,300 37,32%(ANP, 2004)
BRASIL: 1997 - 2004BRASIL: 1997 - 2004
PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04
year (crop)
millio
n m
3
(UNICA, 2004 )
FUELS MARKET TRENDS IN BRAZILFUELS MARKET TRENDS IN BRAZIL
70% of the sale of the vehicles
next 2 years will be of flex;
2006: Tri-fuel (alcohol +
gasoline + CNG);
Flex fuel cars will have acquired
customer confidence;
Biodiesel entering market.
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
•The term biodiesel generally refers to an ester made by transesterification, a chemical process that reacts a feedstock oil or fat with methanol or ethanol and a catalyst;
•The feedstock can be: vegetable oil, such as the derived from oil-seed crops (soy, sunflower, rapeseed, etc.), used frying oil or animal fats.
•Products of the chemical reaction = biodiesel (a mixture of ethyl esters or fatty acid methyl esters ) + glycerine;
•Biodiesel has physical-chemical characteristics very similar to the diesel, which facilitates the use of it in Diesel cycle engines.
•The term biodiesel generally refers to an ester made by transesterification, a chemical process that reacts a feedstock oil or fat with methanol or ethanol and a catalyst;
•The feedstock can be: vegetable oil, such as the derived from oil-seed crops (soy, sunflower, rapeseed, etc.), used frying oil or animal fats.
•Products of the chemical reaction = biodiesel (a mixture of ethyl esters or fatty acid methyl esters ) + glycerine;
•Biodiesel has physical-chemical characteristics very similar to the diesel, which facilitates the use of it in Diesel cycle engines.
BIODIESELBIODIESEL
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
AGRICULTURA
BASES DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO
INDÚSTRIA DO ÁLCOOL
POSTOS DE SERVIÇOS
USO FINAL
EXTRATIVISMO
RESIDUAIS
RESIDUAIS
RESIDUAIS
RESIDUAIS
COLETA
EXTRAÇÃO DO
ÓLEO
Óleo
PRODUÇÃO DE BIODIESEL
INDÚSTRIA QUÍMICA
Alcool
Catalizador (KOH)Óleo vegetal
Óleo Residual
INDÚSTRIA QUÍMICA E
FARMACEUTICA
Biodiesel
Biodiesel(1)
Glicerina
Biodiesel(1)
(1) Pure or mixture
Subprodutos sólidos
Cadeia de Obtenção do Biodiesel
Fonte: Elaboração própria
•Bigger consumption;•transport;• motors industry give warranty (VW, Audi, Seat, PSA, Mercedes, MAN);•1800 filling stations.
•17 producers or importer companies of biodiesel;•used:+ for transport (public or private), for heating oil and also for industrial use;•It is not used for individual transport.
•All the diesel oil has at least 1% of biodiesel; •of the 13 refineries of Petroleum in operation, 7 mix 5% of biodiesel to the diesel; •all the urban buses use B5 to 30.
•50 states;•originated of used frying oil and of soy;•it is being used in fleets of urban bus, postal services and the government's organs (NASA).
B100 B5 e B25
(transport)
e B100 (heating)
B5 e B30 B20 (most popular)
B2 (farmers)
e o B100 (less)
BIODIESEL - WORLDBIODIESEL - WORLD
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
BIODIESEL -BIODIESEL - WORLDWORLD
European Community USA
World
000
ton
Year
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
13/ 10/ 13/ 10/ 20042004
Producers of Biodiesel
USA Germany
Malasia
Australia
Brasil
Argentina
France
Italy
European Community
BIODIESEL - WORLD BIODIESEL - WORLD BIODIESEL - WORLD BIODIESEL - WORLD
1.000.000 ton/ year
500.000 ton/ year
126 000 ton/ year 2.200.000 ton/ year
Commercial Producers
40.000 ton/ year
500.000 ton/ year
420.000 ton/ year
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
PANORAMA MUNDIALPANORAMA MUNDIAL
Diretiva 2003/30/CE:
1) 2% até 2005 e 5,75% até 2010 de biocombustíveis (em conteúdo energético) na gasolina e óleo diesel para transportes ;
2) Garantia de oferta dos biocombustíveis, por meio de subsídios à produção e facilidade de comercialização (isenção de impostos);
3) É obrigatória a rotulagem para mistura maior que 5% em volume.
Urban centers
Used frying oil and of residual industries, fatty materials extracted from industrial and municipal sewers
North Region
Native and african palm trees (dendê)/ Soy/ Babassu/ Peanuts
Center West and Center South Regions
Soy/Castor bean/
Cotton/Sunflower
Southeast Region
Soy/ Castor bean /
Cotton/ Sunflower
Northeast Region
Babassu /Soy/
Castor bean /Palm/
Cotton
South Region
Soy/ Rapeseed/
Cotton/ Sunflower
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
BIODIESEL IN BRAZILBIODIESEL IN BRAZIL
Diversity of raw material and production processes enable a better use of regional resources as well as production flexibility Raw material from both agriculture and extrativism contribute to better income and demographic distribution among the several Brazilian regionsThe use of residual raw material reduces environmental load in large citiesLarge national ethanol productionLand availability
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
BIOFUELS ADVANTAGESBIOFUELS ADVANTAGES
The biofuels many advantages include:
Diversifying and improving access to clean
energy sources;
Balancing the use of fossil fuels and thus saving
them for other applications and for future use;
Reducing pollution and emissions from
conventional energy systems;
Job generation.
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
BIOFUELS - CONCLUSIONSBIOFUELS - CONCLUSIONS
A single alternative will not be enough to meet the increasing demand for fuels, and biofuels itself isn’t the ultimate solution.
Biofuels could play a crucial role as a complementary fuel for conventional ones, since it requires vast plantation land.
In a long term scenario one can say that biofuels could help the world meet its demands for fuels until higher technological solution, as hydrogen, comes up.
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS