Download - Bio Terrorism - South Carolina at Risk (1)
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BIOTERRORISM: SOUTHBIOTERRORISM: SOUTH
CAROLINA AT RISKCAROLINA AT RISK
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OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
To understand the concept of terrorism
To understand the rationale for the useof biological agents as terrorist weapons
To describe the characteristics of those
biologic agents thought to be the choice
of terrorists
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Bioterrorism is one form of terrorism.
Terrorism is defined as the unlawful use
of force or violence against persons or
property to intimidate or coerce a
government or civilian population in the
furtherance of political or socialobjectives.
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Terrorists use weapons of mass
destruction. These are destructive
devices which include bombs, missiles,
poison chemicals, disease organisms,
radiation or radioactivity at levels
dangerous to human life.
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The 9/11 Commission Report stated
referring to the terrorist threat
..we are not safe
Time is not on our side..
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Biologic agents are likely to be used byterrorists as weapons because:
They are capable of damaging populations,economies, and food supplies
Certain agents are inexpensive to make
They can be directed at a small group of people oran entire population
They can be used to attack people, economiesand food supplies
They cause fear, panic and social disruption
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Characteristics of biological agents thatCharacteristics of biological agents that
could be used as bioterrorist agentscould be used as bioterrorist agents
They have a wide range of effects
They are obtained from nature
They are easily made by relatively
unsophisticated methods
They are invisible to the senses
Their effects may be delayed
They can produce mass casualties
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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ADIFFERENCES BETWEEN A
BIOLOGICAL ATTACK AND ABIOLOGICAL ATTACK AND A
NATURAL OCCURENCENATURAL OCCURENCE
A biological terrorist attack may mimic a
large scale naturally occurring diseaseoutbreak. There are differences. A
biological attack:
Results from a deliberate act
Will be treated as a crime scene
May not be immediately recognized
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BIOLOGICAL ATTACK VS. NATURALBIOLOGICAL ATTACK VS. NATURAL
OCCURRENCEOCCURRENCE
May be preceded by verbal or written threats
from a terrorist group
May find abandoned spray devices may befound
Claims by a terrorist group to have released a
biologic agent
May result in contamination of critical facilities
May expand rapidly from different source cases
Will cause widespread public panic
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ROUTES OF ENTRY INTOROUTES OF ENTRY INTO
THE HUMAN BOD
YTHE HUMAN BOD
Y
Ingestion
Dermal penetration
Inhalation
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AEROSOL INHALATIONAEROSOL INHALATION
The use of aerosols is an efficient way
to affect the maximum number of
people with a single attack.
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BIOWEAPONS RECENTBIOWEAPONS RECENT
HISTORYHISTORY Bioweapons have a long history. Recent
uses include:
U.S, Canada, Great Britain, Japan, and theU.S.S.R experiment with anthrax duringWorld WarII (W.W.II)
In 1991, Iraq threatens use of bioweapons
against U. S. troops in Persian Gulf war Post W.W.II , NATO and the Warsaw Pact
nations had bioweapons programs
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BIOWEAPONS RECENTBIOWEAPONS RECENT
HISTORYHISTORY In 1969, U. S. unilateral decision to
destroy bioweapons
In 1972, Bioweapons Conventioncreated in which U. S. and U. S. S. R.were signatories
Possible/probable active offensivebioweapons programs in N. Korea, Iran,China, Egypt, Algeria, India, Pakistan,Syria, Israel
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BIOWEAPONS RECENTBIOWEAPONS RECENT
HISTORYHISTORY In 1986, Bhagwan cult poisons Oregon
salad bars with salmonella-715 people
sick
In 1995, Aryan Nation orders plague
bacteria from supply house in Maryland
and Minnesota Patriots Councilmembers convicted for planning ricin
use in assassination attempt
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BIOLOGICAL AGENTSBIOLOGICAL AGENTS
There are several types of agents.
They are classified as:
Bacteria
Rickettsia
Viruses
Biotoxins
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BACTERIABACTERIA
Single celled organisms
capable of causing
disease. These agents,
grown on culture to
produce large
quantities, can be
modified or
weaponized forgreater destruction
Produces inflamation in
tissues and/or toxins
EXAMPLES
ANTHRAX
SMALL POX
PLAGUE
TYPHOID
CHOLERA TULAREMIA
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RICKETTSIARICKETTSIA
Vector borne (ticks,
lice, mosquitos)
parasitic form ofbacteria
Diseases are
difficult to treat
Variants exist
worldwide
EXAMPLES
TYPHUS
ROCKY MT.
SPOTTED FEVER
Q FEVER
INDIA TICK FEVER MEDITERANEAN
TICK FEVER
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VIRUSESVIRUSES
Smaller than
bacteria
RNA or DNA in aprotein coat
Use living cells to
reproduce
Not affected by
antibiotics
EXAMPLES
EBOLA
LASSA FEVER INFLUENZA
VIRAL HEPATITIS
VIRALHEMORRHAGIC
FEVERS
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BIOTOXINSBIOTOXINS
Are poisonous by-products of bacteria,
fungi, marineanimals or plants
Do not replicate inthe host
Are notcommunicable
Highly toxic whendelivered as an
aerosol
EXAMPLES
BOTULINUM
STAPHLOCCOCAL
ENTEROTOXIN B
RICIN
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Biological Agents most likelyBiological Agents most likely
to be used in a terrorist attackto be used in a terrorist attack Bacteria - anthrax, plague, tularemia
Virus - small pox, viral hemorrhagic
fever
Biotoxin - botulism
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ANTHRAXANTHRAX
Infectious agent: Bacillus anthracis
gram +, spore forming bacteria
May enter the body from skin
(cutaneous), digestive system or by
inhalation (most likely route to be used
by terrorists)
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ANTHRAXANTHRAX
Symptoms: itching, lesions, fever, fatigue,non-productive cough, respiratory failure and
hemodynamic collapse Transmission: none person to person except
with cutaneous
Incubation period: 1 to 6 days
Mortality: 5 to 20% percutaneous, 80 to 90%inhalation
Treatment: antibiotics
Prevention: vaccine
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PLAGUEPLAGUE
In nature, fleas living on rodents spreadinfection to humans. As a bioterrorist weapon
inhalation of aerosol leads to pneumonia,sepsis and infections of bodily organs
Infectious agent: Yersinia pestis a gramneg., non-motile bacillus
May be bubonic ( infection of lymph nodes) orpneumonic (infection of lungs)or septicemic
Symptoms: cough with bloody sputum, fever,chill, shortness of breath
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PLAGUEPLAGUE
Transmission: may occur person to
person by respiratory droplet inhalation
Incubation period: 2 to 3 days
Mortality: 50 to 60%
Treatment: antibiotics
Prevention: vaccine ineffective against
aerosol exposure
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TULAREMIATULAREMIA
A zoonotic, bacterial infection caused by
Francisella tularensis, a gram negative
coccobacillus
In nature, bacteria is commonly found
in ticks living on rabbits and transmitted
by handling the animal or by tick bite.Inhalation of aerosol leads to
pneumonia and sepsis
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TULAREMIATULAREMIA
Symptoms:sudden and influenza-like with
fever,chills, headache and nausea
Transmission: not usually person to person
Incubation period:3 to 5 days(range 1 to 14)
Mortality:low unless untreated
Treatment:antibiotics if early, vaccine available Prevention: in nature, avoid tick bites and using
gloves when handling infected animals
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BOTULISMBOTULISM
Infectious agent: Clostridium botulinum
a spore forming, anaerobic bacillus
In nature, may be food borne, wound, or
intestinal.As a bioterrorist weapon,
ingestion or inhalation leads to
production of the neurotoxin andresulting flaccid paralysis
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BOTULISMBOTULISM
Symptom: fatigue, weakness, blurred vision,
difficulty in swallowing and speaking, descending
muscle paralysis and respiratory failure Transmission: none person to person
Incubation period: 12 to 72 hours
Mortality: most lethal compound per weight Treatment: antitoxins, respiratory support
Prevention: vaccine available for types A and B
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SMALL POXSMALL POX
Infectious agent: Variola virus - Orthopox virus
Declared eradicated in 1980, but stockpiles may
exist Not naturally acquired. It can be disseminated
as and inhaled as an aerosol
Symptoms: Fever, muscular rigidity, headaches,
and vomiting. Severe cases experienceprostration and hemorrhage into skin andmucous membranes
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SMALL POXSMALL POX
Rash appears after about three weeks;progresses from macules (initial skin lesions) to
papules to pustular vesicles, to scabs Transmission: may occur person to person by
respiratory droplets or skin inoculation. Highlycontagious when rash appears
Incubation period: 10 to 12 days Mortality: less than 1% in the minor form and 20
to50 % in the major form
Treatment: supportive
Prevention: vaccine
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VIRAL HEMORRHAGICVIRAL HEMORRHAGIC
FEVERSFEVERS These are highly infectious viral illnesses caused by
the Filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg), Arenaviruses(Lassa fever), Bunyaviruses (Congo hemorragic
fever and Hantaviral disease), and Flaviviruses Symptoms: vary from one type to the next. They
include: sudden onset of fever, muscle aches,headache, followed by vomiting, diarrhea, and rashand internal bleeding
Complications: In severe forms, multiorgan failureoccurs, primarily due to hemorrhagic and pulmonarycomplications
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VIRAL HEMORRAGICVIRAL HEMORRAGIC
FEVERSFEVERS
Mode of transmission: handling infected wildanimals, but may be used as an aerosol bioterroristweapon
Incubation period: 2 to 21 days
Reservoir: gorillas and chimpanzees
Transmission: some may be spread person toperson by contact with body secretions
Mortality: Ebola rates have reached 90% but vary
Treatment: supportive
Prevention: Avoid contact with infected monkeys orother animal hosts
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Will we be ready?
Lets look at how South Carolina
responds in the next section