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Biological Sciences
Scope and sequenceFor teaching and examination in 2013
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Biological Sciences: Scope and sequenceFor teaching and examination in 2013 3
Biological SciencesScope and sequence of content
UNIT 1A UNIT 1B UNIT 2A UNIT 2B UNIT 3A UNIT 3B
Ecosystems: biodiv ersi ty and sustainabi li ty
There is a huge diversity of
organisms and each has aparticular place in itsenvironment. Organismscan be classified usingsimilarities and differencesin their features. diversity of life and
reasons for diversityincluding classificationof organisms
structuralcharacteristics usedby biologists toclassify organisms
the flow of energythrough food chains
the word equationsand the roles ofphotosynthesis andrespiration
the role of organisms,including producersand consumers anddecomposers, in afood chain
relationships betweenorganisms includingpredatorprey,symbiosis andparasitic.
Ecosystems differ in abiotic
and biotic factors whichcause changes in the flowof energy and materials.Interdependence affectsthe survival of organisms. major ecosystems
(biomes) of the world the flow and transfer
of energy through anecosystem
loss of energythroughout the foodchain
the cycling of matterthrough an ecosystem
the role andsignificance of waterin the biosphere
the transfer of matterand energy throughfood webs andpyramids
abiotic and bioticfactors within anecosystem
the interdependenceof organisms in foodwebs including theeffects of an increaseor decrease in thenumbers of one typeof organism on otherorganisms in the foodweb
the interactionsbetween organismsincluding competition,predation, parasitismand symbiosis
the influence ofhuman activities onfood webs.
Organisms are classified
according to their featuresand roles in the ecosystem.Ecosystems are made up ofpopulations of differentorganisms that interrelate.Cycling of matter variesbetween ecosystems and isinfluenced by abiotic andbiotic factors in theirecosystem.
Classification biological classification
as a hierarchical systemof grouping organisms
the main classificationgroups used in biology:
kingdom, phylum, class,order, family, genus,species
different criteria areused at each level ofclassification
binomial nomenclatureand the use oftaxonomic keys.
Communities relationships between
biosphere, ecosystem,community andpopulation
role of organismsincluding autotrophs,heterotrophs anddecomposers in theecosystem
energy flow anddissipation in foodchains, webs andpyramids.
Population size, density,
distribution and growth areaffected by the features ofthe ecosystem. Humanactivities impact bothnegatively and positively onpopulation dynamics andviability.
Population dynamics relationships between
organisms incommunities and theirimpact on populationsize and distributionincluding competition,predator/prey,mutualism,
collaboration, parasitismand commensalism anddisease
regulation of populationby density dependentand densityindependent factorsincluding naturaldisasters, disease,availability of resources,predator control, pestspecies and humanactivities
carrying capacity of anecosystem
impact of populationchange on ecosystems
the influence ofpopulation dynamicsincluding birth, deathand migration rates on: population size density composition distribution
population calculationsusing birth, death andmigration rates.
Ecosystems are dynamic and
respond to variations tomaintain balance. Humanuse and activity alters theproductivity and stability ofthe ecosystem.
Biodiversity biodiversity in terms of
genetic, species andecosystem.
Ecosystems natural, agricultural and
urban ecosystems input and outputs amount of recycling stability productivity energy flow.
Environmental issues andhuman impact causes and biological
consequences ofchanges to natural,agricultural and urbanecosystems that resultfrom human activity eutrophication dryland salinity harvesting of
natural resources climate change fire biomagnification.
Ecosystem resilience relies
on maintaining biodiversity inorder to be sustainable andproductive. Conservationstrategies are developed toaddress environmentalchallengesnatural orhuman induced.
Conservation rationale for the
effective conservation ofbiodiversity withinnatural ecosystems
conservation projectsand strategies formaintaining biodiversityand the prevention of
extinction including: genetic strategies
including gene/seedbanks, captivebreeding programs,DNA profiling anddevelopment ofnew strains
environmentalstrategies includingbiological control,revegetation,introduced speciesand pest control
management strategiesincludingnational parks,protected zones,
licences and openseasons.
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UNIT 1A UNIT 1B UNIT 2A UNIT 2B UNIT 3A UNIT 3B
The funct ioning organism
Differences betweenorganisms at the cellularlevel relate to the featuresof organisms withparticular lifestyles and
living in particular habitats. adaptations of plants
and animalsincluding: structural behavioural physiological
cells as the basicunits of livingorganisms
structures andfunctions oforganelles including: chloroplasts nucleus plasma membranes cytoplasm cell wall
structural andfunctional differencesbetween cells inplants, animals andprotists
comparison ofdifferent tissues,organs or systemsfrom selectedorganisms.
Plants and animals arespecialised in differentways to solve similar lifeproblems, includingacquiring energy and
nutrients, support andprotection.
requirements of livingorganisms: energy,oxygen, water,nutrients, removal ofwastes andreproduction
structures andsystems of organismsincluding micro-organisms, plants andanimals that enablethem to acquireenergy and nutrients
structures and
systems of organismsincluding micro-organisms, plants andanimals that providesupport for the bodyand offer protectionfrom the environmentand predators.
Living organisms require inputs and produceoutputs that need to be exchanged with theenvironment. Energy requirements oforganisms are reflected in their lifestyle, energysource and cellular contents. Adaptations for
solving the problems of survival in a particularhabitat are reflected at the cellular and organ-system level.
Requirements of living organisms
requirements of living organisms energy gases water nutrients removal of wastes
energy flow in organisms: roles of photosynthesis respiration(word equations, no details of pathwaysrequired)
the nature and role of carbohydrates lipids and proteins in living organisms.
Cellular structures and functions
structures and functions of cytoplasm andlisted organelles nucleus mitochondria chloroplasts plasma membrane cell wall vacuoles
compare eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
compare plant and animal cells.
Exchange of materials exchange of substances between the
organism and its environment diffusion osmosis
factors affecting the rate of exchange ofmaterials surface area to volume ratio concentration gradient.
Control of cellular processes is necessary for thesurvival of the organism. Control is affected byenvironmental conditions and cellular contents andrequirements. Organisms use homeostaticmechanisms to control metabolic activity in order to
survive in changing environments.
Photosynthesis
light dependent and light independentreactions in terms of the sites at which theyoccur, requirements and products
factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis.
Respiration
anaerobic and aerobic respiration in terms ofsites at which they occur, requirements andproducts of plants and animals
factors affecting the rate of cellular respiration.
Surface area to volume ratio
cellular and organism level.
Energy transfer
importance of ATP and ADP cycles for cellfunctioning.
Control of cellular activities
transport of materials across the cellmembrane active transport including carrier
molecules, endocytosis and exocytosis passive transport including diffusion,
osmosis and facilitated diffusion
model for the structure and function of the cellmembrane
enzyme action: lock and key, induced fit,activation energy changes
enzymes as specific catalysts
effect of temperature and pH on enzyme
action importance of enzymes in biological
processes, including the control ofbiochemical pathways.
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6 Biological Sciences: Scope and sequenceFor teaching and examination in 2013
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The funct ioning organism
AdaptationsAdaptations may be structural, physiologicalor behavioural. Plants and animals haveadaptations to survive in terrestrial andaquatic habitats. Use local examples, where
possible, to examine adaptations for: transport
the transport of materials in plants the transport of materials in animals
including open and closed systems
gas exchange gas exchange surfaces and the
diffusion of oxygen and carbondioxide
significance of surface area to volumeratio
acquiring nutrients acquisition of nutrients by animals
including carnivores, herbivores,omnivores, detritivores, parasites
acquisition of nutrients by plants, fungi
and bacteria including photosynthetic,chemosynthetic, saprophytic,parasitic, insectivorous.
Homeostasis
the principles of homeostasis and negativefeedback
need for maintenance within limits of anorganisms internal environment for: carbon dioxide oxygen wastes temperature salts water.
Homeostasis in animals
factors affecting water balance water inputs water loss
nitrogenous wastes from different vertebrategroups in relation to water availability
factors affecting salt balance
temperature regulation endothermy/ectothermy heat transfer
o conductiono convectiono radiationo evaporation
adaptations for controlling heat transfero structuralo behaviouralo physiological.
Water balance and temperature regulation invascular plants
water balance water absorption transpiration and stomata
temperature regulation
adaptations.
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Continui ty of species
Organisms need to growand reproduce for thespecies to survive.
working definition of aspecies
variation within andbetween species
life cycles oforganisms
physical features thatenable the survival oforganisms.
Living things use a varietyof ways to reproduce andsupport their offspring.Humans have ways ofcontrolling reproduction of
organisms for a range ofpurposes.
the role of celldivision inreproduction andgrowth
sexual and asexualmethods ofreproduction in plantsand animals
reproductivestructures in plantsand animals
specialisedreproductive cells(gametes) pollen,
sperm and ova mechanisms of
fertilisation in plantsand animals
use of family trees forbreeding experiments
practical applicationsof biotechnologyincluding themanipulation andcontrol ofreproduction inmicroorganismsplants and animals.
Reproductive processes influence the successof populations in providing genetically diverseindividuals to survive in various environmentalconditions.
Cell divisionmitosis
the cell cycle
role ofmitosis in growth, repair andasexual reproduction.
Types of reproduction
asexual reproduction
sexual reproduction in flowering plantsincluding structures involved in pollinationand fertilisation
sexual reproduction in animals including anexample of an aquatic and a terrestrial animal
compare advantages and disadvantages ofsexual and asexual reproduction forsurvival of species in stable and in
changing environments.
Strategies for maintaining species
strategies for the survival of offspringincluding seed dispersal, parental care,number of offspring
variations in life cycles including insects,amphibians, flowering plants, Australianmammals and parasites.
Cell divisionmeiosis
processes of meiosis for gameteproduction (names of stages not required)
roles of meiosis and fertilisation in thechange of chromosome number(haploid/diploid) in a life cycle.
DNA is a self-replicating and information-carrying molecule. The manipulation of DNAhas lead to a range of applications ofbiotechnology, particularly in agriculture andenvironmental conservation. Individuals within a
species show variety in a range ofcharacteristics. Change in a species, over time,is due to the selection of inheritablecharacteristics best suited to the environment.
DNA
replication of DNA
protein synthesis.
Recombinant DNA technologyTechnological advancements in DNAtechnology are rapidly occurring. The followingtechniques and processes provide importantsteps in this evolving area.
techniques restriction enzymes ligation
gel electrophoresis polymerase chain reaction (PCR) DNA microarrays (chips)
processes gene cloning transgenic organisms DNA profiling.
Applications of DNA technologies
recombinant DNA technology and DNAidentification technology in agriculture environmental conservation.
Variation
significance of meiosis
sources of variation including mutations the independent assortment of
chromosomes crossing over during meiosis random mating.
Isolation
barriers to gene flow.
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8 Biological Sciences: Scope and sequenceFor teaching and examination in 2013
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Continui ty of species
Principles of genetics
structure and function of DNA genes and chromosomes
the prediction of the frequencies ofgenotypes and phenotypes of offspringfrom monohybrid crosses for autosomal X linked conditions (as an example of
sex linkage) test crosses
interpretation of pedigree charts for patterns of inheritance probabilities.
Influence of the environment
effect of external environment on geneexpression
determination of sex by chromosomes orthe environment.
Selection
process of natural selection leading tochange in characteristics of a population
selective pressures leading to change orextinction
practical application of artificial selection.
Speciation/evolution
inheritance relationships between DNA, alleles,
genes and chromosomes concept of dominance including
heterozygous and homozygous,dominant and recessive
gene pools
changes in allele frequency due to: natural selection sexual selection genetic drift.
Evidence for evolution
evolutionary relationships between groupsusing physiological, molecular andevidence in phylogenetic trees
evidence for evolution including: fossils comparative anatomy embryology of vertebrates comparative biochemistry and
genetics.
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Working as a biologist
Planning andconductingethicalbiologicalresearch
plan and conductexperiments safely
observation, inferenceand hypothesis
collect reliable data
and make validconclusions work safely and
responsibly in the fieldand the laboratory
identify specimensusing classificationkeys
use biologicalequipment, includingthe monocularmicroscope, toinvestigate cellstructure or micro-organisms.
safely conduct aninvestigationcollecting data
use an array ofmeasuring skills
appropriate to biologyincluding measuringtemperature, mass,time, volume and pH
make inferences fromcollected data basedon experimentaldesign and a givenhypothesis.
formulate hypothesesand make predictionsfrom them
identify the variables ina controlled experiment
plan and carry out aninvestigation use of microscopy
techniques, includingpreparation of wetmount slides
calculation ofmagnification and fieldof view of a microscope
estimation of the size ofcells (micrometres).
formulate hypothesesand make predictionsfrom them
identify the variables ina controlled experiment
plan and carry out aninvestigation use of biological field
techniques includinganimal trapping andtracking, capture-recapture, transects,quadrats
use of ethical practicesin the handling ofanimals
use of computertechnology or othertools to modelpopulation dynamics.
formulate hypothesesand make predictionsfrom them
identify the variables ina controlled experiment
use of biological fieldtechniques includinganimal trapping andtracking, transects andquadrats
use of ethical practicesin the handling ofanimals.
formulate hypothesesand make predictionsfrom them
identify the variables ina controlled experiment
use of laboratorytechniques including gelelectrophoresis.
Evaluating and
communicatingas a biologist
contribution of
biological research toknowledge anddecision-makingprocesses about theworld
communication ofresults in oral andwritten form within areport structure, fromthe scientificinvestigation of a localenvironment.
communication of
research to provideevidence and data formaking decisionsabout biologicalissues
investigation reportusing diagrams,tables and othermeans (includingURLs) of presentingthe data and includinga reference list
consideration ofissues raised by theresearch done andproducts developedthrough genetic
manipulation.
classify, collate and
display data interpret and construct
visual representationsof phenomena andrelationships includingdiagrams, graphs, flowcharts and physicalmodels
analyse data and drawconclusions
evaluate the reliabilityand validity ofinvestigativeprocedures and theconclusions drawnfrom investigations
prepare written and
oral reports use of taxonomic keys
to classify organisms use standard scientific
techniques andappropriate SI units
use appropriate mediato communicatefindings.
classify, collate and
display data interpret and construct
visual representationsof phenomena andrelationships (diagrams,graphs, flow charts,physical models)
analyse data and drawconclusions
evaluate the reliabilityand validity ofinvestigativeprocedures and theconclusions drawn frominvestigations
prepare written and oralreports
use standard scientifictechniques andappropriate SI units
use appropriate mediato communicatefindings.
classify, collate and
display data interpret and construct
visual representationsof phenomena andrelationships (diagrams,graphs, flow charts,physical models)
analyse data and drawconclusions
evaluate the reliabilityand validity ofinvestigativeprocedures and theconclusions drawn frominvestigations
use standard scientifictechniques and
appropriate SI units analyse current
biological issues usingscientifically informedsources
use appropriate mediato communicatefindings.
classify, collate and
display data interpret and construct
visual representationsof phenomena andrelationships (diagrams,graphs, flow charts,physical models)
analyse data and drawconclusions
evaluate the reliabilityand validity ofinvestigativeprocedures and theconclusions drawn frominvestigations
use standard scientifictechniques and
appropriate SI units analysis of current
biological issues usingscientifically informedsources
use appropriate mediato communicatefindings.