Bio-pesticides development, use and regulation in Kenya
Regional Experts Workshop on Development, Regulation and Use of Bio-pesticides in East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 22–23 May 2014
Virginia Kimani
OutlineIntroductionDefinitionsPolicyLegislationStandardsUse/RegistrationsRecommendationsAcknowledgements
IntroductionBio-pesticides with significant potential in
improving the pest and disease control management strategies worldwide and in Kenya.
World Trade estimates ◦3 percent, or $1.3 billion, of the $44 billion global crop-
protection business, ◦Growing by 10% per year ◦Estimates for the Macrobial market 2003 about $190 m ◦Multinationals currently entering the market with
purchases of bio-pesticide small companies
Definitions
In the European Union for example, bio pesticides- have been
defined as "a form of pesticide based on micro-organisms or natural products".
This definition does not include natural enemies such as predators and parasitoids also called macrobials.
DefinitionsIn the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
includes naturally occurring substances that control pests (biochemical pesticides), microorganisms that control pests (microbial pesticides), and plant-incorporated protectants or PIPs" basically GMOS.
This definition does not include macrobials.
Definitions
Kenya1. Bio-chemicals, which are derived from
plants (plant extracts) 2. Semio-chemicals 3. Microbials and 4. Macrobials or natural enemies.
Policy on bio-pesticides No specific policy but related are:
◦The Developing National Agrochemicals Policy◦at initial stages(stakeholders workshop- today)◦Also referred to a the Pest Control Products
Policy ◦a draft bill on Fertilizers and Soil Conditioners◦A draft amendment bill to the Fertilizers and
Animal Foodstuffs Act
LegislationAgriculture Act (CAP 318) Chairmanship of the Kenya Standing Technical
Committee for the Imports and Exports of Live organisms
The KEPHIS Act, Cap 512 2013 and Plant Protection Act Secretariat of the Kenya Standing Committee for the
Imports and Exports of Live organisms A biological import permit issued alongside other permits
Pest Control Products Act Registration Regulations
Procedures, application forms, summary forms and Dossier
Other Regulations supporting trade
An application to the Managing Director KEPHIS stating the intention to introduce
KSTCIE advises the importer of the requirements ◦ Application Form◦ Supply Dossier copies (4)
Dossier is sent to the reviewers (internal and external)
Comments given to the applicant and addressedSub-committee meets with Applicant presentApproval or rejection
Procedures for introduction of micro and macrobials
MEMBERS OF THE KENYA STANDING TECHNICAL COMMITTEE FOR IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF LIVE ORGANISMS (some are members of
the sub-committee)
• Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MALF)• Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS) • Pest Control Products Board (PCPB)• Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI)• Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS)• Department of Veterinary Services(DVS) • Ministry of Health(MoH) • Real IPM Company• Koppert Biological Systems Ltd• Osho Chemical Industries Ltd• MEA Ltd• Kenya Wildlife Service(KWS)• National Museums of Kenya(NMK)• National Environment Management Authority(NEMA)• University of Nairobi(UON)• International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology(ICIPE)
Kenya Standing Technical
Committee for Imports and
Exports [KSTCIE]
Sub Committee Dossier Review
Committee Dossier
(Report) Review
Accepted Rejected
Procedure for introduction and risk assessment for Microbials and Macrobials
PCPBBio-chemicals and Semio-chemicals
Efficacy Approval Permit
Dossier Review
Sample Imports
Rejection
Sample Delivery
Indigenous
Efficacy Trials
Registration
Review of Reports
KEPHIS
Accepted micro and macrobial
RegistratIon review
Standards for bio-pesticides
No standards per se Composition of bio-pesticides as submitted
to PCPB East African Organic Standard- “Kilimohai”
stipulates what products may be used in the production process.
Exports of live organisms
If an indigenous organism is produced in Kenya and is intended for export, notification should be sent to The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), which was instigated on December 29, 1993, and to which Kenya is a signatory.
Use of KEPHIS export procedures to export
Use of bio-pesticides
Extent of use indicated by the registered bio-pesticides
List available at pcpb.or.ke Estimates hard to compile
◦Imports figures- PCPB ◦Indigenous materials for sale – private sales◦Indigenous materials for owner use – internal
data
Registered microbials
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Registered macrobials Name of biological control agent
Origin
Amblyseious cucumeris(predatory mite) (2)
Indigenous and imported
Amblyseius californicus (predatory mite) (2)
Indigenous and imported
Aphidius transcaspinus (parasitic wasp) (1)
Indigenous
Diglyphus isaea (parasitic wasp) (1)
Indigenous
Encarsia formosa (parasitic wasp) (1)
Indigenous
Eretmocerus eremicus (parasitic wasp)(1)
Imported
Phytoseilus persimilis (Predatory mite) (5)
Indigenous and imported
Registered bio-chemicals Allyl Sulphides 8.5g/L from Garlic juice (1)Azadirachtin alone (6)Azadirachtin 0.03% w/w (32% neem oil) (1)Biological Cotton seed oil 31% + Garlic extract 23%Biological Cotton seed 40% + Olive oil 20% + Garlic extract 10%
Coconut oil 58.5ml/L Neem Oil – 31.5ml/L Sorbic acid – 15.0ml/L Soybean oil – 32.5ml/L (1)
Eugenol 3g/L(1)Methyl Eugenol 98.9% (1)
Neem oil Clarified Hydrophobic extract of, 70% (1)Organic Vegetable Oil 95% w/v (1)Pyrethrin + Garlic extract (1)Pyrethrins and mixtures (24)Pyrethrins 25 % for formulation purposes (1) Pyrethrins 50% for formulation purposes (1)
Use-some estimated imports 2012 ACTIVE INGREDIENT
VOLUME (KG/LITRES)
TONNES
USE
Paecilomyces lilacinus
12,000 12 Control of root knot, cyst and burrowing nematodes in Roses; and for the control of root knot nematodes in tomatoes and French beans.
Bacillus thuringiensis
8,896 8.896 Control of various pests in vegetable crops
Verticillium Lecanii
2,100 2.1 Control of Aphids on Roses and French beans, aphids and whiteflies on Tomatoes.
Trends in use
Macrobials going up ◦Estimates for flowers farms about 600ha (out of
total about 3,700ha)mostly against mites Microbials going down due to synthetic
pyrethroids quick knockdown Bt gone down very significantly Trichoderma slightly going up due to lack of
fungicides for soil application especially for FusariumBiochemicals going up due to legislation on
MRLs- neem, prethrum, misc extracts
Non-regulatory stakeholders in the sector Name Role and focus Activities on bio-
pesticides Registrants , agents Introduction, trading,
commercialisation Training ,promotions
Kenya Organic Agricultural Network- KOAN
General organic farming concerns
Certification of suppliers
International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology- ICIPE
Research and development of various bio-pesticides
Nominated Membership in KSTCIE and research and development
Kenya Institute of Organic Farming-KIOF
Promoting organic farming Promotion of use non-synthetic chemicals
Enkasa College
Promoting organic farming and IPM
Training on IPM and organic production methods
RecommendationsPolicy needed as well as strategyLegislation focus
◦Scrutiny of the process, are both stages necessary for macrobials?
◦Fast tracking especially of indigenous materials Incentives and promotions of bio-pesticides by
government Capacity building
◦School curriculum◦Post school curriculum
Intentional promotion of indigenous materials especially biologicals, plant extracts
Acknowledgements Regulators- KEPHIS, PCPB, other Members
of the KSTCIEPrivate sector- Real IPM, Koppert, Sineria,
an agro-input supplierResearchers- JKUAT, KARIBio-Innovate and partners such as
NACOSTIOther stakeholders e.g KOAN
Pesticides and Agricultural Resource Centre
Training Research ConsultancyHurlingham Plaza, Argwings Kodhek Road
Tel: 254 722 706 528458; 254722 782880 Nairobi
Email: [email protected]: www. parcpest.com
www.parcpest.co.ke
Thank you