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BIOENERGETICBIOENERGETICSS
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What is Bioenergetics?
The study of energyenergy in living systemsliving systems (environments) and the organismsorganisms (plants and animals) that utilize them
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Energy Required by
all organisms
May be Kinetic or Potential energy
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Kinetic Energy Energy of
Motion Heat and
light energy are examples
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Potential Energy EnergyEnergy of of
positionposition Includes Includes
energy energy stored in stored in chemical chemical bondsbonds
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Two Types of Energy Reactions
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Endergonic Reactions
Chemical reactionChemical reaction that requires a net input of energyenergy.
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
6CO2 +6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
SUNphotonsphotons
LightEnergy
(glucose)(glucose)
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Exergonic Reactions Chemical reactionsChemical reactions that
releases energyreleases energy Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O+ATP(glucose)(glucose)
EnergyEnergy
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Metabolic Reactions of
Cells
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What is Metabolism?
The sum sum totaltotal of the chemical chemical activitiesactivities of all cellscells.
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Two Types of Metabolism
Anabolic Anabolic PathwayPathwayss
CataboliCatabolic c PathwayPathwayss
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Anabolic PathwayAnabolic Pathway Metabolic reactions,Metabolic reactions, which
consume energyconsume energy (endergonic),(endergonic), to buildbuild complicated molecules from simpler compounds.
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
SUNlightlightenergyenergy
(glucose)(glucose)
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Catabolic PathwayCatabolic Pathway Metabolic reactionsMetabolic reactions which
release energyrelease energy (exergonic)(exergonic) by breaking downbreaking down complex molecules in simpler compounds
Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O +
ATP(glucose)(glucose)
energy
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Cellular Energy - Cellular Energy - ATPATP
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ATPATP Components:Components:
1. adenine: nitrogenous 1. adenine: nitrogenous basebase
2. ribose:2. ribose: five carbon five carbon sugarsugar
3.phosphate group: chain 3.phosphate group: chain of 3of 3
riboseribose
adenineadenine
P P P
phosphate groupphosphate group
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Adenosine Adenosine TriphosphateTriphosphate
Three Three phosphate phosphate groups-groups-(two(two with high with high energy bondsenergy bonds
Last Last phosphatephosphate group (POgroup (PO44) ) contains the contains the MOST energyMOST energy
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Breaking the Bonds of Breaking the Bonds of ATPATP
Process is called phosphorylationphosphorylation
Occurs continually in cells
Enzyme ATP-aseATP-ase can weaken & break last POlast PO44 bondbond releasing energy & free PO4
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How does ATP How does ATP work ?work ? Organisms use enzymesenzymes
to break down energy-rich energy-rich glucoseglucose to release its potential energy
This energy is trapped and stored in the form of adenosine adenosine triphosphate(ATP)triphosphate(ATP)
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How Much ATP Do Cells How Much ATP Do Cells Use?Use?
It is estimated that each celleach cell will generate and consume approximately 10,000,000 10,000,000 molecules of molecules of ATP ATP per per secondsecond
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Coupled Reaction - Coupled Reaction - ATPATP The exergonic exergonic
hydrolysishydrolysis of ATPATP is coupled with the endergonic endergonic dehydration dehydration processprocess by transferringtransferring a phosphate groupphosphate group to another molecule.
HH22OO
HH22OOCopyright Cmassengale
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Hydrolysis ofHydrolysis of ATP ATPATP + H2O ADP + P (exergonic)
HydrolysisHydrolysis(add water)(add water)
P P P
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
P P P++
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)Copyright Cmassengale
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Hyrolysis is ExergonicHyrolysis is Exergonic
EnergEnergy y
Used Used by by
CellsCells
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Dehydration ofDehydration of ATP ATPADP + ADP + P P ATPATP + + HH22O O (endergonic(endergonic)
P P P
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
P P P++
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
DehydrationDehydration(Remove (Remove HH22OO
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Dehydration is Dehydration is EndergonicEndergonic
Energy Energy is is restorerestored in d in ChemicChemical al BondsBonds
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ReviewReview
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How many high energy How many high energy phosphate bonds does phosphate bonds does
ATP have?ATP have?
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Which is true of Which is true of photosyntheis?photosyntheis?
Anabolic Anabolic or or CatabolicCatabolic
ExergonicExergonic OrOrEndergonicEndergonic
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The breakdown of ATP is The breakdown of ATP is due to:due to:
DehydrationDehydration ororHydrolysisHydrolysis
HH22O addedO added oror HH22O removedO removed
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Which Reactions are Which Reactions are often Coupled in often Coupled in
OrganismsOrganisms
HydrolysisHydrolysis or or DehydrationDehydration
AnabolismAnabolism or or CatabolismCatabolism
EndergonicEndergonic oror ExergonicExergonic
BOTHBOTH
BOTHBOTH
BOTHBOTH
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Ready for the Ready for the test? If not, test? If not,
review and try review and try again!!!again!!!
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