Bio-CP Chapter 7 Cell Notes
SECTION 7.1 INTRO TO THE
CELL
I. Cell = Building block of all living organisms
A. Robert Hooke (1665) observed cork under a
crude microscope
1. He called the boxes “cells” because they
looked like little rooms that priests lived
in.
B. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1673) was
the first to observe living cells.
II. Cell Theory (Schleiden 1838, Schwann
1839, & Virchow 1855)
A. Cell Theory States:
1. All living things are composed of cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in living things.
3. New cells come from division of preexisting
cells.
http://dels.nas.edu/bls/stemcells/what-is-a-stem-cell.shtml
B. The cell contains inherited information that
is used as instructions for growth &
development. -DNA
http://fajerpc.magnet.fsu.edu/Education/2010/Lectures/26_DNA_Transcription.htmhttp://www.brown.edu/Courses/BI0032/gentherp/introsex1.htm
III. Classification of cells (Not all cells are
alike – 200 different kinds in the human
body) according to complexity
A. Prokaryotic cells (No Nucleus)
1. Most ancient and simplest
(unicellular).
Blue-green algae
(Cyanobacteria)
2. Do not have an organized nucleus (i.e.
naked DNA).
3. Do not have any membrane bound
organelles, but they have
ribosomes, cell membranes, and
usually cell walls.
See… no nucleus!!!
See…Cell Wall!!!
4. Bacteria
5. Unicellular Organisms Only
6. Relatively small in size
7. “Bad” Bacteria -Bacteria that cause illness
and disease
a. Bacterial diseases examples: tuberculosis,
tetanus, syphilis, cholera, bubonic plague
b. How do you treat a Bacterial Infection?
i. If prevention fails, take antibiotics
ii. Antibiotics kill bacteria without harming the
cells of humans or animals
iii. Many antibiotics are produced naturally by
living organisms Ex: penicillin
B. Eukaryotic cells (Have a Nucleus)
1. Relatively younger (evolutionary
scale)
2. Have DNA organized into
chromosomes in a nucleus.
3. Have membrane bound organelles.
4. Most cells are in this
group.
a. Plants, Animals,
Protists, fungi
5. Unicellular (amoeba) or multicellular
(spider)
6. Relatively large in size
7. Divides duties among the different
organelles.
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
CytoskeletonSection 7-2
Venn DiagramsCell membrane
Contain DNA
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria Ribosomes
C. Viruses (neither prokaryotic nor
eukaryotic)
1. Viruses are non-cellular particles made
up of genetic material (DNA) and protein
2. Viruses invade living cells
Influenza Virus
HIV VirusBacteriophage
3. Are Viruses Alive?
a. Like living things, viruses have genetic
material and they can pass this on to future
generations
b. BUT, unlike living things, viruses are not
made of cells
c. Outside of a cell, they don't reproduce, feed,
or grow
d. Therefore, most biologists consider viruses
nonliving
IV. Endosymbiote Theory
A. Single-celled organisms engulfed other one-celled organisms.
1. Digestion did not occur.
2. The two organisms lived symbiotically.
3. Over millions of generations, these engulfed organisms became organelles.
B. Evidence:
1. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own DNA
2. They also divide independent of the cell.
http://commonweb.unifr.ch/biol/pub/zoology/Homepage/Trypanos/projects/mitogeneralities.htm
http://www.wacotrib.com/news/content/news/stories/2008/01/15/01152008wacbrokenpromise3WEB.htmlhttp://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/071101_genealogy http://www.rite.or.jp/English/lab/pamphlet_plants.html
V. Why are most cells about the same
(tiny) size?
A. To maximize the surface area to
volume ratio.
http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/lab/limits/
What is the surface area and volume of
the 4 cm cube below?
Volume = _______ cm3;
Surface Area = ______cm2
4 cm
4 cm
4 cm
V= l ∙ w ∙ h
= 4 ∙ 4 ∙4
= 16 ∙ 4
= 64 cm3
SA = 6 s2
= 6 (4 ∙ 4)
= 6 (16) = 96 cm2
64
96
What if we cut the cube into eight 2 cm
squares?
V= l ∙ w ∙ h
= 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 2
= 4 ∙ 2
= 8 (8 squares)
= 64 cm3
SA = 6 s2
= 6 (2 ∙ 2)
= 6 (4)
= 24 (8 squares)
= 192 cm2
http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/cell_components/cell_talk.htm
SECTION 7.2 EUKARYOTIC
CELL STRUCTURE
Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
Section 7-3
Figure 7-12 The Structure of the Cell Membrane
Plasma/Cell membrane
Controls what comes in and out
(semi-permeable);
Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Cell wall (animal cells lack cell wall)
Found in some cells, including plants, algae,
fungi and nearly all prokaryotes
Provides support & protection
Surrounds the cell membrane (allows water and
gases to pass through)
Nucleus (pl. Nuclei)
Controls cell functions by controlling
protein synthesis, contains the genetic
information (DNA)
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/chapter1.html
Nucleolus
Dense region within nucleus; produces
ribosomes (ribosome assembly begins
here)
Nuclear Envelope
Double membrane layer which surrounds
the nucleus; thousands of pores allow
material into and out of the nucleus
Chromatin/Chromosomes
Chromatin = loose DNA
Chromosome = condensed DNA (wound tightly
around proteins and coiled up), Visible under
microscope (Seen during cell division)
Cytoplasm
Material surrounding nucleus includes the
fluid & organelles, site of important
chemical reactions; Cytosol-fluid portion
http://www2.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/botglosn.htm
Exit Questions
1.What 3 things does the Cell theory state?
2. How are cells classified?
3. What are the two types of cells?
4. Are Viruses alive? Why or why not?
Ribosomes
Made of RNA and proteins; Sites of protein
synthesis (proteins are made here);
http://www.uic.edu/classes/phar/phar331/lecture3/
Ribosomes
Instructions on how to make the specific
protein come from the DNA; Found free
in the cytosol or associated with ER
http://www.ehow.com/about_4752555_role-does-ribosome-play-translation.html
Endoplasmic reticulum
(Rough- ribosomes) (Smooth- no ribosomes)
Rough: Assembles, Prepares & Transports proteins
for export via the Golgi apparatus
Smooth: Lipid (steroids) synthesis site; Breaks down
toxic substances; parts of the cell membrane are
made here
http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/Class/IPHY3730/02nervestructure.html http://course1.winona.edu/sberg/308s08/Lec-note/IntracellularCompA.htm
Golgi apparatus
Membrane sacs that receive, chemically
modify, and repackage proteins into
forms the cell can use, expel, or store.
http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/cell_components/cell_talk.htm
Vacuole
Temporary stores water, nutrients (proteins &
carbs), salts, or wastes; enlarged in plant
cells; provides support and structure in plants
(turgor pressure-rigid)
http://activity.ntsec.gov.tw/lifeworld/english/content/gene_cc1.html
Lysosomes (in animal cells only)
Contain digestive enzymes that break down
food particles (carbs, lipids, & proteins),
viruses, bacteria, and worn out cell parts
(Cellular stomach)
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/lysosomes/lysosomes.html
http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/cell_components/cell_talk.htm
http://www.sflorg.com/sciencenews/scn110608_01.html
http://anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/histo_D502/D502f04/lecture.f04/cell.f04/cellf04.html
Mitochondria
Breaks down food (organic) molecules
releasing the energy stored in chemical bonds
to produce ATP (energy currency)
Adenosine Triphosphate “Power House”
Bound by a double membrane
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/glucose.html
Chloroplasts (Autotrophs) (Heterotrophs organisms
that cannot produce its own food lack
chloroplasts)
Contain green pigment-chlorophyll which traps
the sun’s light energy.
http://www.karencarr.com/tmpl1.php?CID=301 http://207.239.98.140/upperschool/science/Classes/AllBiology/bio/biotext/biowilson/Main%20Info/Helpful%20Websites.htm
Photosynthesis: transforms light energy into
chemical energy and stores that energy in food
molecules (sugars & starches- carbohydrates).
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/chloroplasts.html
Bound by a double membrane
Section 7-2
Figure 7-11 CytoskeletonCytoskeleton
Network of protein filaments that helps the cell
maintain shape and move around; Includes
Microfilaments, Microtubules, and
Intermediate Filaments
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect06.htm
http://www.immediart.com/catalog/product_info.php?cPath=61_78&products_id=456
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/microfilaments/microfilaments.html
Cilia (microtubules)
Hair-like projections; Propel unicellular
organisms & helps fluids to move over the cell
surface in multicellular organisms
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19533.htm
http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/cell_components/cell_talk.htm
Flagella (microtubules)
Whip-like tail; Propels organisms (& sperm)
http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/cell_components/cell_talk.htm
Centrioles (microtubules) (in animal cells only)
Organelles believed to aid in movement of
chromosomes in animal cells during cell
division
Plant Cell
Nuclearenvelope
Ribosome(attached)
Ribosome(free)
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
CellMembrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Animal Cell
Centrioles
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclearenvelope
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Mitochondrion
CellMembrane
Ribosome(free)
Ribosome(attached)
Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Animal Cells Plant Cells
Centrioles
Cytoskeleton
Venn DiagramsCell membrane
Ribosomes
NucleusEndoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Inner Life of a Cell Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GigxU1
UXZXo&feature=fvwrel
VI. Organization
A. Cell Tissue Organ
Organ System
B. Tissue = Group of cells that perform the same function
1. Examples: nerve tissue, muscle tissue
http://bioliscious.blogspot.com/2008/02/compendium-of-chapters-1-4-chpt-1-1.html
C. Organ = two or more tissues that function together
1. Examples: Brain, leaf, heart
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes1.htm
D. Organ System = group of organs that work together
1. Examples: Nervous system, circulatory system
Muscle cell Smooth muscle tissue Stomach Digestive system
Section 7-4
Levels of Organization
Practice Labeling Structures
http://www.phschool.com/webcodes10/inde
x.cfm?wcprefix=cbd&wcsuffix=3072&fu
seaction=home.gotoWebCode&x=0&y=0
Label (In your Head)
Cell Modela specific function that contributes to cell survival.
B
C
D
A
Leaf Cell
Are All Cells Alike?All living things are made up of cells. Some organisms
are composed of only one cell. Other organisms are made up of many cells.
1. What are the advantages of a one-celled organism?
2. What are the advantages of an organism that is made up of many cells?
Think of the Answers; Discuss with a partner; Write on Separate piece of paper or bottom of your notes
1. What are the advantages of a one-celled organism?
A one-celled organism has simpler needs and can respond immediately to its environment because its entire cell is immersed in its environment.
2. What are the advantages of an organism that is made up of many cells?
In a multicellular organism, different jobs are divided among different groups of cells that work together. Also, a multicellular organism can continue to survive even if it loses some of its cells.
Exit Questions
1. What are the functions of the following
organelles?
• Vacuole
• Lysosome
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplasts
• Cilia
2. What organelle does an animal cell have
that plant cells do not?
3. What organelles do plant cells have that
animal cells do not?
4. What is the difference between an
Eukaryotic cell and a Prokaryotic cell?
Images from:
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/golgi/golg
iapparatus.html
Plant Cell
Nuclearenvelope
Ribosome(attached)
Ribosome(free)
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
CellMembrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Animal Cell
Centrioles
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclearenvelope
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Mitochondrion
CellMembrane
Ribosome(free)
Ribosome(attached)
Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells