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MARIA JOSE MIGUEZ, MD, PHD
BIO-BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS FOR SMOKERS
LIVING WITH HIV
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
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1. SMOKING PREVALENCE
Compare smoking prevalence in people with and without HIV.
2. PRIORITY GROUPS
Articulate the reasons why smokers with HIV are a priority group.
3. INTERVENTIONS FOR SMOKING CESSATION
Describe why tailoring and combination therapy is needed.
4. RATIONALE BEHIND PATCH
Understand the rationale behind PATCH design.
ASSISTANTS WILL BE ABLE TO
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INTRODUCTION
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Why Is Tobacco Cessation Among
PLWHA Now A Public Health
Priority ?
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Problems
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
SF (n=228) NYC (n=428) Houston (n 348) Florida GeneralPopulation
Polysubstance HIV-
stluciatimes.com
Prevalence of Smoking in Metropolitan Areas by HIV Status
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Types of Cigarettes
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
General Population PLWHA
Mentholated Non-Mentholated
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0
50
100
150
200
250
HIV (-) HIV + HIV +ART - ART+
Cotinine Levels by HIV Status & ART90% ART
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Cotinine Levels by HIV & Gender
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Male HIV - Male + Female- Female +
P=0.02
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As dire as the health risk appears for the general population of
smokers, the impact of smoking among PLWH is significantly
higher
Unique Health Consequences
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When compared with the general population PLWHA are more susceptible to tobacco-related illnesses such as:
• Cardiovascular disease
• Cancer (3-5 increase risk)
• Pulmonary disease (COPD, bronchitis)
Ledgerwood, DM. & Yskes, R. 2016. Nicotine & Tobacco Res, 18(12), 2177–2184.
Unique Health Consequences
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SMOKING AFFECTS VIRAL RESPONSE
Despite similar ART adherence
(90% vs. 80%), smokers were
twice more likely to fail at
achieving undetectable viral
loads
(OR=1.4; 95% CI 1-2.1, p=0.04).
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Non-Smoker Smoker
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PLWHA are loosing more years to smoking than to HIV.
1. Helleberg, M., et al (2012). A Nationwide Cohort Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 56(5), 727-734.
1. They lose over six years of life expectancy.
2. Approximately 61% of deaths can be attributed
to smoking.1
3. The chance of non-AIDS-related death is
5 times greater for PLWHA who smoke
compared to those who never smoked.
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
PLWHA General Population
There is a paucity of controlled trials among PLWH.
Chew, D., AIDS Research and Treatment, 2014, 237834. http://doi.org/10.1155/2014/237834
SMOKING CESSATION TRIAL IN PEOPLE WITH/WITHOUT HIV
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• Risk Perception
• HIV & Menthol
• Withdrawal Discomfort
• Levels of Nicotine
• Gaining Weight
INTERVENTION CHALLENGES
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INTERVENTIONS
BEHAVIORALMotivational Cognitive Behavioral
PHARMACOTHERAPYBuproprionVarenicline
Nicotine Replacement
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BEHAVIORAL
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Quit Lines & Cell Phone Interventions may be effective
However many are low income and lack access to continuous telephone service.
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0 5 10 15 20 25
New treatment
Just decided
Health warning
Government ad
Nicotine Replacement Therapy ad
Smoking restrictions
Someone else stopping
Something said by family/friends
Health Professional advice
Per cent
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Are physicians doing smoking cessation interventions?
Ellerbeck, Ahluwalia, et al. J Fam Pract. 2001; 50:688-693
21% Yes
79%
38 Primary Care Practices
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Why Not?
1. BEFORE THE DATA WAS CONTRADICTORY
2. CONSIDERING THE COMPLEXITY OF HIV MANAGEMENT
3. SMOKING CESSATION WAS A LOW PRIORITY
4. THEY HAVE NOT BEEN TRAINED
5. REIMBURSEMENT
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WHAT HAVE BEEN DONE IN THE PAST
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Multifaceted Interventions: Combination of motivational
interviewing/counseling techniques and pharmacotherapy.
Varying Degrees of Tailoring, and the distribution of smoking-cessation
self-help materials.
Use of Technology: Internet or Cell Phone
The use of theory to develop smoking-cessation interventions was limited.
Cui et al., 2012; Elzi et al., 2006; Fuster et al., 2009; Ingersoll et al., 2009; Lloyd-
Richardson et al., 2009; Moadel et al., 2012; Vidrine et al., 2006 and 2012.
Interventions for PLWHA
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0
5
10
15
20
Quit rates of 10 prior randomized trials conducted with PLWHA or a combination, yielded quit rates ranging from 4% to 16%.
Short and small
Ledgerwood, et al 2016 A Literature Review and Synthesis. Nicotine & Tobacco ResearchCui et al., 2012; Elzi et al., 2006; Fuster et al., 2009; Ingersoll et al., 2009; Lloyd-Richardson et al.,
2009; Moadel et al., 2012; Vidrine et al., 2006; Vidrine et al., 2012. Chew D
QUITTING RATES
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SUMMARY
• High Prevalence
• Vulnerability
• Biological Differences
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EXAMINING PATCH
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✓ SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE
✓ TIME (Adapt & Convenient)
✓ SUPPORT
✓ NICOTINE LEVELS
PATCH ADRESSING THE NEEDS OF PLWH
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Behavior
• Tailored HIV Information
Pharmaco
• Pre-Load
• 12 Weeks
• Algorithm
Behavior• Standard
Pharmaco
• No Pre-Load
• 10 Weeks
• # of Cigarettes/day
EXAMINING PATCH
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PHARMACOTHERAPY
Buproprion Side effects, interference with Varenicline ART
Nicotine Replacement
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0
50
100
150
200
250
HIV (-) HIV + HIV +ART - ART+
Cotinine Levels by HIV Status & ART
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PHARMACOLOGICAL
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Assess for Eligibility
N=625
Randomization Standard Arm n=160
1 Month Follow-up
3 Month Follow-up
6 Month Follow-up
12 Month Follow-up
RandomizationTailored Arm 160
1 Month Follow-up
3 Month Follow-up
6 Month Follow-up
12 Month Follow-up
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Flyers, 19%
Referrals, 51%
Own Cohorts & Active Recruitment, 30%
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STUDY POPULATION
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INCLUSION CRITERIA
HIV +
SMOKERS (DAILY)
READY TO QUIT (Quit ladder 7)
EXCLUSION LIMITED TO
SAFETY, COMPLIANCE AND
MAJOR CONDITIONS
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1 27
2040
80
Floor Average Ceiling
320 smokers with HIV who were motivated to quit. STUDY POPULATION
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
MENTHOLS NON-MENTHOLS
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PRIOR ATTEMPTS
26% Never
40%
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0
20
40
60
80
100
Rates of Enrollment Rates of Attendanceto the intervention
Retention Rates/year
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QUITTING RATES
0
5
10
15
20
25OTHER STUDIES PATCH
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PRELOADING
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Tailored Standard
Quit Attempt Slips
Some tobacco researchers have proposed that initiating NRT prior to the quit date increases the odds of quitting smoking. Results are mixed.
None of those studies were performed among PLWH.
PCMag.com
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REDUCING IS ALSO A SUCCESS HISTORY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Overall Standard Tailored
Baseline 6 Months
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LIMITATIONS
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QUITTING SMOKING BARRIERS
STRESSORS: Family, interpersonal, traumatic life events
SUPPORT: Partner is a smoker not ready to quit
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Advantages
•Neutral PH
•More Rapid
•Adjunct
Disadvantages
• Taste
• Poor Dental Health
• Sore Jaw
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• CLERY QUIROS• DIEGO BUENO• ZIPPORAH THOMPSON• CALONIE GRAY• CHRISTOPHER KHALER• CASSANDRA STANTON
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