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After (June 2013)
BigSpringRunFloodplain/WetlandRestoration
Before(April2004)
RobertWalter*1,DorothyMerritts*1,MikeRahnis*1,EvanLewis*1,JosephSweeney1,KaylaSchulte1,2,andAllenGellis3*FranklinandMarshallCollege;2OxfordUniversity;1TheWaterScienceInstitute; 3USGS
www.bsr-project.orgMarylandDNRStreamInformationExchange,November15th,2017
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BSRLegacySedimentRemoval–Floodplain-WetlandEcosystemRestoration
ExistingCondition
Legacy Sediment
Flood Level
Bedrock
GravelBase Flow
~ 10 ft
Hydric Soil Hydric Soil
Legacy Sediment
RestorationTarget
Base flow
Bedrock
Gravel
IncreaseDOC&deN,reduceN,P&SedLowDOC&deN,highN,P&Sed
Activenitrification
400mg/kgP1300mg/kgN
MesicWasteland Tussock-SedgeWetMeadow
New Hydric SoilHydric Soil
NewFlood Level
~2 ft
Activedenitrification
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AcknowledgementsFundingPartners:FranklinandMarshallCollege,PADeptofEnvironmentalProtection,PAChesapeakeBayCommission, EPA,andNSF(MRIandNCALM)
ProfessionalColleagues:KarenMertzman(F&M),JeffHartranft (PADEP),BillHilgartner (JohnsHopkinsUniversity,MilanPavich,AllenGellis,andMikeLangland(USGS),ScottCox(PADEP),WardOberholtzer,MarkGutshall(Landstudies,Inc.),DrewAltland (RKK),AndrewDonaldson(JMT),RobSternberg(F&M),JerryRitchie(deceased,USDA),ArtParola (Univ.Louisville), PaulMayerandKenForshay (EPA),CandaceGrandPre(F&M),LouKaplan(StroudWaterResearchCenter),LaurelLarsen(Univ.ofCalifornia,Berkeley),JasonKaye,JulieWeitzmanandPeterWilf(PennState).
StudentColleagues:LaurenManion ‘04,GrahamBoardman‘05,ChristinaArlt ’05,CaitlinLippincott‘05,Sauleh Siddiqui‘07,Yoanna Voynova ‘06,AndreyVoynov‘05,AlexandraSullivan‘06,AdamRoss‘07,MarkVoli ‘08,ChrisScheid ‘08,ZachStein‘08,JulieWeitzmann ‘08,ColetteBuchanan’08,DouglasSmith,‘08,AlisonWinterer,‘09,ZainRehman ‘09,BrianHughes,‘09,ErikOhlson ‘10,FranklinDekker‘10,StaceySosenko‘09,LizCranmer‘09,MattJenschke ’09,Wanlin Deng‘12,KatieDatin ‘12,LauraKratz ’11,AndreaShilling,‘10,Yupu Zhao,’10,DerekMatuszewski,‘10,AustinReed,‘10,AlexDiIonno,‘10,JoeGalella,‘11,ErikOlsen,‘11,AliNeugebauer,’11,ElvisAndino,‘12,PeterRippberger,‘12,AakashAhamed,‘12,Conor Neal,’12,DanielleVerna,‘12,JordanAppleyard,‘13,KaylaSchulte,‘13.AaronBlair,‘13,ErinPeck,‘14,Xinyu Deng,’15,AmberCarter,‘15,&PeterLimberg,’16,Yuning Bai,‘17.
Landowners:SweeneyFamily,KirchnerFamily,FryFamily,KeenerFamily,HouserFamily&GroffFamily(BigSpringRun),DonandRoseannMann(LittleConestoga),MooreFamily(MarshCreek),StroudWaterResearchCenter(WhiteClayCreek).
3
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StreamRestorationTargets*AppliedtoBigSpringRun
i. Reducesuspendedsediment load- reduceTSS&TP
ii. Increasesurfacewaterretentiontimeonfloodplain
iii. AddDOC– enablefrequentoverbankflowtointeractwithDOC
iv. Attenuateflows– slowwatervelocity
v. Reconnectfloodplainwetlandswithsurfacewaterandgroundwater– enabledenitrificationofNO3-N(viaii-v)
*RecommendationsofEPA/CBPExpertPanelonStreamRestoration(2014)Sections3.2and3.3
4
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BSRSedimentandNutrients
1. Composition ofStreambanksandUplandSoils2. Pre-restorationsourcesofsediment (suspendedsediment load)3. Pre-restorationnitrogenandphosphorusdynamics4. Post-Restorationsourcesofsediment (depositiononfloodplain)5. Post-restorationnitrogen,phosphorusandcarbonprocessing
5
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000.250.5km Geomorphology-Hydrogeology:Q,T,flow,pH,DO,DOC,N,P,SedRegional SoilFingerprinting3USGSgagestations()3ISCOsamplers3Turbiditysensors18USGSIn-streampiezos29EPAshallowGWwells2Live-feedwebcams6Time-lapse cameras
Pre-RestorationMonitoring– 2008-2011
NCALMLidarDEM
East Branch
West Branch
Main Stem
N
RestorationReach(1000mstreamlength)
6
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Big Spring Run Trench 3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
N (ppm)
Dep
th (
cm
)
Pre-RestorationNutrientContentsofStreamBanks
3.3 lbs/ton
Big Spring Run Trench 3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 200 400 600 800 1000
P (ppm)
Dep
th (
cm
) 1.1 lbs/ton
TotalNitrogen(ECA) TotalSorbed Phosphorus(ICP/EPA3051)
(1650 ppm) (540 ppm)
Voynova 2006&Weitzman2008,FranklinandMarshallCollegeBATheses 7
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Big Spring Run Trench 3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
N (ppm)
Dep
th (
cm
) 3.3 lbs/ton
TotalNitrogen(ECA)
(1650 ppm)
Nitrate-N(KCl-Extraction)
Zhao2010,FranklinandMarshallCollegeBAThesis
0.02 lbs/ton(10 ppm)
Pre-RestorationNitrate-NinStreamBanks
8
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Pre-RestorationOrotho-PhosphateinStreamBanks0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1800 5 10 15
Depth(cm)
PO4 (mg/kg)
BSR-SFSiteNYT2010
FieldMoist
AirDried
MeanFM
MeanAD
Mean = 1.6 mg/kg0.003 lbs/ton
Post-Restoration ~ 0.3 lbs per year reduction to suspended sediment load from 100 t/yr sediment load reduction
9Fullinwider,2010FranklinandMarshallCollegeBAThesis
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BSR-SF Group 1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
NO3 (mg/kg)
Dep
th (
cm
)
BSR-SF Group 4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 5 10 15
NO3 (mg/kg)
Dep
th (
cm
)
BSR-SF All Groups
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 10 20 30
NO3 (mg/kg)
Dep
th (
cm
)
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Saprolite
NutrientAnalysesofUplandSoilsAdjacenttoBigSpringRun
GEO273LandscapeGeochemistrySoilPits1-4,9/29/08 10
BigSpringRunValleyBottom
1
234
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11
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.00 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Depth)cm)
PO4 (mg/kg)
GEO273SoilPits
Pit1
Pit2
Pit3
Pit4
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.00 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Depth)cm)
Nitrate-N(mg/kg)
GEO273SoilPits
Pit1
Pit2
Pit3
Pit4
NutrientContentofUplandSoilsAdjacenttoBigSpringRun
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Pre-RestorationSurfaceWaterNitrate-Ndiffersbybranch,andmixestoanaverageconcentrationintheMainStem
-76.265 -76.264 -76.263 -76.262 -76.261Longitude
39.991
39.992
39.993
39.994
39.995
39.996La
titud
e
RFMSLF
FORK
789101112
Nitrate (mg/L)
East BranchWest Branch
Mainstem BranchWBMSEB
DatacourtesyofPaulMayer,EPA
SampleSlamApril7,2010
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Pre-RestorationNitrateandDOCareinverselyrelated– duetodenitrification?
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Dissolved Organic Carbon (mg/L)
7
8
9
10
11
12
Nitr
ate-
N (m
g/L)
West Branch
Main Stem
East Branch
P<0.05
DatacourtesyofPaulMayer,EPA
“SampleSlam”April7,2010
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-100-80-60-40-20
0204060
80100
120
-76.2645
-76.2640
-76.2635
-76.2630
-76.2625
-76.2620-76.2615
-76.2610
39.991039.9915
39.992039.9925
39.993039.9935
39.994039.9945
39.9950
Z D
ata
X Da
ta
Y Data
3D Graph 6
GroundwaterNitrateSources&SinksatBSR
East Branch
West Branch
Main Stem
SourceSinkNorthward Flow
DatacourtesyofPaulMayer,EPA14
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15
Pre-RestorationburiedhydricsoilshavegreaterDeN ratesandDeNpotentialthanLegacySediments.
Errorbars± 1s.e.n=72p<0.05
Source:Forshay etal2016(EcologicalSocietyofAmerica)
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Pre-RestorationDenitrificationPotentialofBuriedHydricSoil
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Control Disturbance WetMeadow LowMarsh Millport Banta
Hydric DeepHydric
J. Koval, MSc Thesis Results, U. Illinois, 2011
Hydric soil in situ at BSR
BSR hydric soil “planted” in functioning wetland soils.
De-
N P
oten
tial
DatacourtesyofKenForshay,EPA16
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TotalC&NinStreamBankSediments
%C
%N
Weitzman 2011, MSc Thesis, Penn State University; and Weitzman et al., 2014, Potential nitrogen and carbon processing in a landscape rich in milldam legacy sediments. Biogeochemistry, 120, pp 337–357
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Weitzman 2011, MSc Thesis, Penn State University; and Weitzman et al., 2014, Potential nitrogen and carbon processing in a landscape rich in milldam legacy sediments. Biogeochemistry, 120, pp 337–357
NitrificationPotentialofStreamBankSediments
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Weitzman 2011, MSc Thesis, Penn State University; and Weitzman et al., 2014, Potential nitrogen and carbon processing in a landscape rich in milldam legacy sediments. Biogeochemistry, 120, pp 337–357
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Weitzman 2011, MSc Thesis, Penn State University; and Weitzman et al., 2014, Potential nitrogen and carbon processing in a landscape rich in milldam legacy sediments. Biogeochemistry, 120, pp 337–357
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Pre-RestorationSuspendedSedimentLoadandSourceStudy
OnedayafterHurricaneHanna,September7,2008 21
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000.250.5km
SourcesofSuspendedSediment:%ContributionfromStreamBanks
NCALMlidar DEM
Sweeney Gage
Fry Gage
Keener Gage
NMean=63%
Mean=54%
Mean=33%
0 100%
0 100%
0 100%22
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Pre-Restoration2-DHydraulicModeling
ArtParolaandDorothyMerritts
23
Narrowculvertunderfarmbridge
Oxbowcutoffs(insetpointbars)
Forvideolinksee:http://www.bsrproject.org/visualizations.html
KeyObservations:(1) Floodwaterrarelygoes
overbank,andwhenitdoes,itdoessoduetoconstrictionataculvertandinlow-elevationoxbowcutoffs.
(2) Shearstressesarehigh.
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InsetPointBars
“Floodplain”
1.Tilepadsinstalledonlegacysedimentterracethreeyearspriortorestoration.
2.80-100%ofdepositionon“tilepads”oninsetpointbarsisfrombankerosion.
%BankErosion
3.Nodepositionontilepadson“floodplain”(i.e.,onlegacysedimentterrace).
Pre-RestorationTilePadExperiment– WhereDidDepositionOccur?
24
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BSRSampleSitesforFingerprintStudy
StreamBankSediments UplandSoils
25
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BigSpringRunPre-RestorationStreamBankSampling
26
ZachSteinandEricOhlson,June5,2007,BSRSite1
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TraceElementSedimentFingerprinting
Bayesian InferenceAnalysis(Massoudieh etal.,2012) 27
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Pre-RestorationSedimentSources– DotPlots
XRF(9majorand20traceelements) +ANOVA+Bonferroni
Upland Upland
Bank & Suspended
Bank & Suspended
B = U = S =
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0"
20"
40"
60"
80"
100"
120"
140"
160"0" 200" 400" 600" 800" 1000" 1200" 1400"
Depth"(cm)"
P"(ppm)"
BSR"Site"4"
Site%4%
Site%4%Avg.%
0"
20"
40"
60"
80"
100"
120"
140"
160"0" 500" 1000" 1500" 2000" 2500" 3000" 3500"
Depth"(cm)"
P"(ppm)"
BSR"Site"4"
Site%4%
Site%4%Avg.%
Upland%2%
Upland%3%
Upland%4%
Upland%5%
Upland%6%
Upland%7%
Upland%8%
Suspended%1ZS%
Suspended%2ZS%
Suspended%3ZS%
Suspended%4ZS%
Suspended%5ZS%
Suspended%1EO%
TPx (avg)=941mg/kg(1.9lb/ton)
SuspendedSedimentsUplandSoils
Pre-RestorationBSRStreamBankTotalPhosphorus(TPx)
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Group1=BSRSweeney-KirchnerFarmUplandEastGroup2 =BSRPre-RestorationStreamBanksGroup3 =BSRFreyFarmUplandWestGroup4 =BSRSuspendedSediment
Upland E
Upland WBank
Suspended
30
Pre-RestorationSedimentsources– DFA
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7
9
11
13
15
17
19
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Co(p
pm)
P(ppm)
BigSpringRun
Keener
UplandIMean
UplandIIMean
UplandIIIMean
UplandIVMean
UplandVMean
StreamBanksMean
PointBars
Suspended SedProxies
NYTSiteMean
KeenerMean
PadsMean
FryMean
SweeneyMean
MeanUpland1
MeanStreamBank
MeanSuspendedSediment(Keener)
60%StreamBank
MeanUplandII-V
MixingLine
31
Pre-RestorationSedimentSources–MixingModel
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IsotopeSystematicsof210Pb,137Csand7Be
210PbT1/2 =22.3yr
137CsT1/2 =30.2yr
7BeT1/2 =53.1d
137Csat5T1/2 =151years(AD2114)32
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137CsFalloutfromBombTestsinUS
Bq m-2
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137CsFalloutfromGlobalBombTests
Bq m-2
In1963,three(UK,US,SovietUnion)ofthefournuclearstatessignedtheLimitedTestBanTreaty,pledgingtorefrainfromtestingnuclearweaponsintheatmosphere,underwater,orinouterspace.Francecontinuedatmospherictestinguntil1974,andChinacontinueduntil1980.Neitherhassignedthetreaty
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How137CsDataAreUsed
WallingandQuine1990
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Big Spring Run
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
-0.002 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008
137Cs (Bq/g)
Dep
th (
cm
)
1963
1 m
0 m
1.3 m
Big Spring Run
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
-0.005 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020
210Pb (unsupported) (Bq/g)
Dep
th (
cm
)
1850
210Pb 137Cs
18501963
660 yr BP1420 yr BP
AMS Dates
Pre-RestorationStreamBankIsotopeIsotope-Stratigraphy
1730
>3,000 yr BP
36
Note:Theaggregate“legacysediment”streambank137Csvalueisnotzero(~1.0-3.0x10-3Bq/g)!!
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-1.00
1.00
3.00
5.00
7.00
9.00
11.00
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71
137 Cs(Bq
/gx10
-3)
LandscapePosition
UplandSoils(6.0)
AggregateStreamBanks
(~1.0)
USGSTilePads(0.7)
StreamBankProfile(1.33)
SuspendedSediment(0.8)
Pre- andPost-Restoration137CsActivitybyLandscapePosition
137CsActivity(AverageBq/g)byLandscapePosition(Note:Blanklinesindicateno137Csactivity) 37
Big Spring Run
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
-0.002 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008
137Cs (Bq/g)
Dep
th (
cm
)
1. Sometilepadsshowsmallamountof137Csactivity.
2. Thisactivityisthesameasexpectedfromaggregatestreambankerosion(seeinsetatleft).
AggregateActivity~1.0x10-3 Bq/g.
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0.0E+00
2.0E-03
4.0E-03
6.0E-03
8.0E-03
1.0E-02
1.2E-02
137 CsA
ctivity(B
q/g)
BSR137CsActivitybyLandscapePosition
BSR137CsActivitybyLandscapePosition
38
Big Spring Run
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
-0.002 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008
137Cs (Bq/g)
Dep
th (
cm
)
AggregateActivity~1.0x10-3 Bq/g.
StreamBankProfile
StreamBankAggregate
Bai2017,F&MThesis
UplandFarmSoils
SuspendedSediment
TilePads
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Post-RestorationTilePadStudy
¯
0 25 50 75 10012.5Meters
Organic Carbon (%)
2.0 - 2.5
2.6 - 3.0
3.1 - 3.5
3.6 - 4.0
4.1 - 4.5
4.6 - 5.0
¯
0 25 50 75 10012.5Meters
Nitrate (ppm)
0 - 10
11 - 20
21 - 30
31 - 40
41 - 50
51 - 60
61 - 70
71 - 80
81 - 90
91 - 100
101 - 110
¯
0 25 50 75 10012.5Meters
Phosphate (ppm)
23 - 30
31 - 40
41 - 50
51 - 60
61 - 70
71 - 80
81 - 90
91 - 100
101 - 110
111 - 120
121 - 130
¯
0 25 50 75 10012.5Meters
Sediment (cm)
0.0 - 1.0
1.1 - 2.0
2.1 - 3.0
3.1 - 4.0
4.1 - 5.0
5.1 - 6.0
6.1 - 7.0
7.1 - 8.0
39Distribution ofC,NO3,PO4 &Sediment ontheRestored Floodplain
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Walteretal.,2017
BSRSuspendedSedimentStudy
OnedayafterHurricaneHanna,September7,2008
40
KeyOutcomes
1. 85-100%of pre-restorationandpost-restorationsuspendedsedimentstormloadfromstreambanksources.
2. Consistentwithtraceelementdata.
3. Uplandfarmslopescontributelittlesoiltothesuspendedsedimentsupply.
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BigSpringRunBeforeWetlandRestoration
TypicalExistingConditions(April2005)–ThreeYearsofPre-RestorartionMonitoring(2008to2011) 41
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BigSpringRunAfterWetlandRestoration
November 2011 – Six Years of On-Going Post-Restoration Monitoring (2011 to Present) 42
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BigSpringRunFloodplainWetlandRestoration
RestorationCompletedNovember2011- DesignedandEngineeredbyLandStudies Inc. 43Forvideolinksee:http://www.bsrproject.org/visualizations.html
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Big Spring Run Floodplain Wetland Restoration
June 2012 44
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• SedimentRemoved:~21,955tons
• SedimentSource:85-100%frombanks(~100%
fromwithinrestorationreach)beforerestoration
• SedimentLoadReduction:~150tons/yr
• TotalPRemoved:~50,500lbs
• TotalSorbed PRemoved*:~35,128lbs
• TotalNRemoved:~63,600lbs
• NitrateReduction:15%inbaseflow
• TotalPReduction:26%instormflow
• CarbonStorage:7,300lbs/yr
• WaterStorage:2.7milliongallonsinc. (50%)
• Groundwater:10%moreoutput
• Up/DownPeakDelayinflow:17mininc.
• SurfaceWaterT:~8-15°Cdrop• BiologicalIndicators:Shiftfromuplanddominated
toaquaticecosystemdominatedfloodplainareabasedonbiologicalindicators- vascularplants,diatoms,amphibians.
BigSpringRunFloodplain/Wetland RestorationOutcomes (2008-2017)
NCALMlidar DEM
RestorationReach
Formoreinformationsee:http://www.bsr-project.org/45
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BigSpringRunSite1
BeforeExcavation9/13/11 AfterExcavation9/28/11
Observation 1:Removetheimpairment…theerodingstreambanksthatcontributetohighsuspended sedimentandnutrientloads.
46
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BigSpringRunSite1
BeforeExcavation9/13/11 AfterExcavation6/18/13
Observation 1:Removetheimpairment…theerodingstreambanksthatcontributetohighsuspended sedimentandnutrientloads.
47
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BigSpringRunSite1
BeforeExcavation9/13/11 AfterExcavation9/28/11
Observation 2:Reconnectthegroundwaterandspringflowwithalow,hydricfloodplain.Increasehyporheic exchange
48
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BigSpringRunSite1
BeforeExcavation9/13/11 AfterExcavation6/18/13
Observation 2:Reconnectthegroundwaterwithalow,hydricfloodplain.Increasehyporheic exchange
49
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WetlandsandTheirValue
Ecosystemservicestheyprovide:
• Habitatforfishandwildlife (e.g.,BogTurtles)
• Improvedwaterquality• Storingfloodwaters• Maintainingsurfacewaterflow
• ProvideDenitrification• ReducesurfacewaterT
Observation 3:Rejuvenate theecological functionoftheburiedwetland.
Banta Restoration (2004) on Lititz Run, Warwick Twp., Lancaster Co., PA
50
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Pre-RestorationFlowModel
Post-RestorationFlowModel
ArtParola,Univ.LouisvilleDorothyMerritts, F&M
BridgeCrossing&NarrowCulvert
AbandonedOxbows
51Forvideolinksee:http://www.bsrproject.org/visualizations.html
KeyObservations:(1) Intherestored
condition,floodwatergoesoverbankfrequentlyandatlowflow.
(2) Shearstressesarelow.
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BigSpringRunFloodplainWetlandRestoration
Stormof18September2012 52Forvideolinksee:http://www.bsrproject.org/visualizations.html
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
9/6/16 0:00 9/7/16 0:00 9/8/16 0:00 9/9/16 0:00 9/10/16 0:00 9/11/16 0:00 9/12/16 0:00
Temperature°C
Date-Time
TemperaturevsDate-Time
BSRWBGage
BSREBGage
BSRWBSensor
BSREBSensor
BSRMSGage
WBIn=90°F
Hobo4=73°F
Dirunal TemperatureChange:WBIN=90°C-68°=24°FHobo4=73°C-66°=7°F
PeakChange:WBIN– Hobo4=90°-73°=17°F
WBGageEBGage
MSGage
MSOut=69°F
24°F
53
LegacySedimentRemovalDecreases PeakSummerSurfaceWaterTemperaturebyNearly20° F
Presumablyduetothe“daylighting”ofspringsbylegacysedimentremoval.
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66.0
63.5 63.7
61.7
59.2
56.3
56.3
59.066.2
84.2 58.8
9/7/16(AirT=90°F)
54
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BSRRestorationExperimentResearchandFundingPartners
55