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Beyond Desktop Computing
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Chapter Contents
• Section A: Large-Scale Computing• Section B:
Components of Large-Scale Computing Systems
• Section C: Enterprise and High-Performance Architecture
• Section D: Quality of Service
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Section A: Large-Scale Computing
• Enterprise Computing• High-performance Computing
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Enterprise Computing
• One or more information systems that share data and supply many users in different locations
Information from a waybill can be accessed by customers and employees in many departments,making an enterprisesystem an important tool forUPS operations.
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Enterprise Computing
• Enterprise computing systems can contain thousands of users
• Scalability refers to the ability of a computer system to shrink or grow– Scaling up– Scaling out
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Enterprise Computing
• Enterprise system integration is the process of connecting two or more information systems in a way that allows scalability and data sharing
• Enterprise hardware integration refers to the process of connecting different types of hardware
• Enterprise application integration is the process of configuring software applications to exchange data
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High-Performance Computing
• A branch of computer science that focuses on ways to optimize computer processing capabilities– Suited for cutting-edge research
• Performance is measured in FLOPS or MIPS• A compute-intensive problem is one that
requires massive amounts of data to be processed using complex mathematical calculations
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High-Performance Computing
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Section B: Components of Large-Scale Computing Systems
• Enterprise Hardware• HPC Hardware• Enterprise Software• HPC Software
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Enterprise Hardware
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Enterprise Hardware
• A legacy system is a computer system that has become outdated– Some remain in
operation
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Enterprise Hardware
• A Blade server is a modular electronic circuit board containing one or more processors, and possibly some storage
• Performs a single dedicated task
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Enterprise Hardware
• The larger a computer system becomes, the more data it must store– RAID– Storage area network (SAN)– Mirroring– Network attached storage
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Enterprise Hardware
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Enterprise Hardware
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Enterprise Hardware
• Input devices– MICR– OCR
• Output devices– Line printer– Printer server
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HPC Hardware
• Some HPC applications require a supercomputer
• Alternatives to supercomputers include computers that utilize multiprocessor architecture– Parallel processing– Symmetric multiprocessing– Massively parallel processing
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HPC Hardware
For symmetric multiprocessing,a computer’s operating system controls multiple processors that share a common bus andmemory.
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HPC Hardware
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Enterprise Software
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Enterprise Software
• Enterprise software applications include at least some of these features:– Multiplatform availability– Scalability– Redundancy
• Middleware acts as an intermediary between two other software packages– TimeLife photos
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Enterprise Software
• SOAP allows programs running on different operating systems to communicate with each other
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HPC Software
• HPC systems mostly run custom software– Speed– Specialized
applications
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Section C: Enterprise and High-Performance Architecture
• Centralized Architecture• Distributed Architecture• Tiered Architecture• Grid Architecture• Clustering
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Centralized Architecture
• One central computer surrounded by terminals– Easy administration– All processing takes place on the host
computer– Terminal emulation software
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Centralized Architecture
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Distributed Architecture
• Collection of connected computers in which processing, data, and application software are dispersed
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Distributed Architecture
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Tiered Architecture
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Grid Architecture
• Network of diverse computers– Grid management software– Grid client
software
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Grid Architecture
• Best for solving problems that can be divided into smaller problems
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Clustering
• Group of two or more devices connected together to distribute tasks
A cluster is a group of computersthat performs the functions of a single server on a network.
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Clustering
• Fault tolerance refers to a computer system’s ability to react gracefully to failures– Cluster failover
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Clustering
• Load balancing refers to the practice of distributing processing and storage tasks
• Active-active cluster vs. active-passive cluster
• A Beowulf cluster is a collection of off-the-shelf computers interconnected and configured as a cluster
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Section D: Quality of Service
• Reliability, Availability, and Serviceability• Risk Management• Data Centers• Disaster Recovery Plans
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Reliability, Availability, and Serviceability
• Quality of service (QoS) refers to the level of performance a computer system provides– Usually monitored by the IS department– Quality-of-service metrics
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Reliability, Availability, and Serviceability
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Risk Management
• The process of:– Identifying potential threats to computer
equipment and data– Implementing plans to avoid as many threats
as possible– Developing steps to recover from unavoidable
disasters
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Risk Management
• Common threats include:– Natural disasters– Power outages– Hardware breakdowns
• MTBF
– Human errors– System failures– Security breaches– Acts of war– Viruses
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Risk Management
• Common protection from threats:– Deterrents– Preventative
countermeasures– Corrective procedures– Detection activities
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Data Centers• Specialized facilities
designed to house and protect computer systems and data– Special security
features– Work proactively to
reduce the risk of data loss
– Equipment to keep computers functioning
– Closely monitored
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Data Centers
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Disaster Recovery Plans
• Step-by-step plan that:– Describes the methods used to secure data
against disaster– Explains how an organization
will recover lost data if and when a disaster occurs
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Disaster Recovery Plans
• Disaster recovery plans should:– Ensure the safety of people on the premises at the time
of a disaster– Continue critical business operations– Minimize the duration of a serious disruption to
operations– Minimize immediate damage and prevent additional
losses– Establish management succession and emergency
powers– Facilitate effective coordination of recovery tasks