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Berlin: Europe’s Flashpoint, 1958-1963
History 337 / February 15, 2012
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Khrushchev with Ulbricht at theSED’s Fifth Party Congress, July 1958
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The Bundeswehr as
“Europe’s fastest growing
army,” 1960
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Khrushchev and Mao in 1959,as the Sino-Soviet split was widening
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November 1958: Khrushchev’s Berlin
ultimatum
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Foreign ministers’ conference, Geneva, May 1959(four WW II victors at the main table; two German states at side tables)
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The “Kitchen Debate”:Nixon and Khrushchev in Moscow, July 1959
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Khrushchev welcomed in the United States, September 1959
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Waiting for Khrushchev: Eden, Eisenhower,de Gaulle, and Adenauer in Paris, May 1960
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Francis Gary Powers and a U-2 spy plane
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Khrushchev’s response to the “U-2 incident”
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Khrushchev and Kennedy in Vienna, June 1961
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Refugees stream into West Berlin,
summer 1961
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Ulbricht press conference,
June 15, 1961:“No one intends to build a wall.”
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Kennedy TV address,
July 25, 1961
[text of speech]
“Three essentials”:1. Allied occupation rights in Berlin2. Free access to West Berlin3. Freedom for West Berliners
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Sealing the border, Aug. 13, 1961:a military operation
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The wall… surrounding West Berlin
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Freshly erected barriers,
August 1961
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Barbed wire at the
Brandenburg Gate
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An East German army recruit makes a run for it
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The wall at Potsdamer Platz
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The wall at the Brandenburg Gate
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Vice-President Lyndon Johnson and American commanders on the scene in Berlin
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General Lucius Clay (hero of the Airlift)inspects West Berlin police units
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Standpoint at Checkpoint Charlie, October 1961
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Peter Fechter’s death at the wall,
August 1962
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JFK at the Berlin Wall, June 1963(with Chancellor Adenauer and Berlin mayor Willy Brandt)
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“Ich bin ein Berliner” (June 26, 1963)