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Berlin as a divided townSynopsis
1) First impressions2) 1945-49: after world war II, divide of Germany3) 1949-61: The (Re-)construction of two Berlins4) 1961: Construction of the wall5) 1961-89: Life with the wall, Escapes,
Development until 19896) 1989: Fall of the Berlin Wall7) 1989 until today: After the fall
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2) 1945-49: after word war II, divide of Germany
- after german capitualtion in Mai 1945, Germany is occupied by the Allies
- Potsdam Conference: - major aims: Demilitarisation, De-
Nazification, Democratisation, Decentralisation, Disassemblement (5 D´s)- every power can do his own policy in zone
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2) 1945-49: after word war II, divide of Germany
- The Allies start to split up:- Soviet political acts without other allies
- Truman-Doctrine: anticommunist and antisoviet- different policies in zones: Disassemblement and Marshall-Plan/ communistic and capitalistic
- two german states are founded in 1949: FRG and GDR
- Cold war/ East-West-Conflict starts
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3) 1949-61: The (Re-)construction of two Berlins
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3) 1949-61: The (Re-)construction of two Berlins
- Berlin lies within the Soviet Sector- 1948 starts the Berlin Blockade
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„Candy Bomber“
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3) 1949-61: The (Re-)construction of two Berlins
- the development of the two states is different
- GDR´s econmy stucks under Disassemblement
- FRG´s econmy grows with Marshall Plan
- GDR´s population is discontent
- Upspring from June 17 1953
- mass emigration (3.5 Mio until 1961)
- Berlin Crisis 1958-1961
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4) 1961: Construction of the wall
- due to US-Military increase and GDR´s political/ economical/ socially crisis GDR and Soviet leaders see only one option: sealing off the sector border
- in the night to August 13 1961 the wall is started to be build
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„No one has the intention of building a wall.“
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4) 1961: Construction of the wall
- except of 13 (later 7) crossing points West-Berlin is sealed off- 10.000 Soldiers and border guards ensure the constrution- except of about 100 party members no one knew of the construction- train service is interrupted - houses on the border are evacuated
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5) 1961-89: Life with the wall, Escapes, Development until 1989
- crossing the border from east to west is forbidden by death
- emigration decreases dramatically
- 1961-1989: 40.101 (5.075 in Berlin) escapes, many spectecular
- more than 130 people are killed at the Berlin Wall
- until 1989 the barriers are continuousely improved
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5) 1961-89: Life with the wall, Escapes, Development until 1989
- with the construction of the wall GDR´s existence is secured - policy changes to détente and acceptance- Treaty of Warsaw and Four Power Agreement- state visits to the wall (e.g. Khrushchev and Kennedy)
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5) 1961-89: Life with the wall, Escapes, Development until 1989
- from 1971 (Honecker era) GDR´s Social Policy improves while FRG´s economy stucks
- wall opens for vistors to the east and becomes lucrative
- at the same time expands the Ministry for State Security
- east-west-relations worsen at the end of the 70s
- at the same time GDR´s economy is in a big crisis
- more and more people apply for emegration and are allowed to go, though confronted with huge problems
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5) 1961-89: Life with the wall, Escapes, Development until 1989
- Gorbachev gives more independence; Poland and Hungary start democratic reforms in early 89
- increasing number of people (89: 100.00) in GDR wait for allowence to emigrate and start to demonstrate for it
- many escape over Hungary or FRG´s embassies
- in April 89 Honecker revokes „order to shoot“
- demonstrations increase rapidly and can´t be stoped
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6) 1989: Fall of the Berlin Wall
- SED realizes social and economic crisis; new General Secretary Egon Krenz announces „turn around“
- FRG´s government offers economical help in return of democratic reforms
- GDR´s government quickly works out a new regulation for travel
- Schabowski proclaims free right to travel accidently on November 9, 1989
- due to this people start to demand to cross the border; border guards don´t know what to do and finally at about 11 p.m. Open the border
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6) 1989: Fall of the Berlin Wall
- SED looses control- Demonstrations continue and demand one
german state- Soviet Union realizes that GDR can´t be
maintained- first free election in march 90- in June 90 FRG´s parliament votes for an
economic, monetary and social union- two-plus-four-conference gives authority for
german state- on October 3 1990 official (re-)unification
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7) 1989 until today: After the fall
- people are united
- huge costs for Unification
- most of eastern Germany still faces massive social problems
- intense increase of racism in early 90s (e.g. Rostock-Lichtenhagen)