Download - Bengt Broms - Foundation Engineering
Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms
Foundation Engineering by Prof. Bengt B. Broms
April, 2007
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Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms
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Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms
Foundation Engineering by Prof. Bengt B. BromsApril, 2007 The textbook can be read by chapers or searched by keywords.
Table of contents: Pages
1. Aspects of foundation engineering 1
2. Soil mechanics 13
3. Geotechnical field investigations 39
4. Bearing capacity of foundations 55
5. Foundation settlements 69
6. Factors to consider in foundation design 93
7. Spread footing design 101
8. Special footings and beams on elastic foundations
107
9. Mat foundations 113
10. Lateral earth pressure 121
11. Soil retaining structures 143
12. Pile foundations - Single piles 173
13. Single piles - Dynamic analysis 213
14. Pile foundations - Pile Groups 221
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Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms
Chapter 1. Aspects of foundation engineering Page
1. Foundations of buildings and structures Keywords: pile, raft, footing
2
2. Effects of underground installations on foundations Keywords: tunnel, ground water, water main, sewer line
2
3. Soil deposit Keywords: clay, sand, rock, ground water
3
4. Interactions between buildings Keywords: settlement, clay, shale, tunnel, sewer line
3
5. Requirements of a foundation Keywords: economy, safety, settlement, seasonal changes, construction problem, environment,
4
6. Development of geotechnical analysis Keywords: empirical, theoretical, semi-empirical, computers
4
7. Soil investigation methods Keywords: seismic, boring, penetration test, test pit, pressure meter test, plate load test, CPT, SPT, WST, geophone
5
8. Bearing capacity of footing Keywords: heave, flow line, equipotential line, settlement, failure surface, flow net, heave
5
9. Pressure bulb below footing Keywords: settlement, stress increase, compressibility
6
10. Settlements caused by lowering of ground water level Keywords: sand, clay, leaking sewer line, piezometer, ground water
6
11. Differential settlement below structure Keywords: differential settlement, cracks
7
12. Mat foundation Keywords: elastic springs
7
13. Lateral earth pressure Keywords: active earth pressure
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14. Design of retaining walls Keywords: retaining wall
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15. Anchored sheet pile walls Keywords: sheet pile, anchor, vertical component
9
16. Braced excavations Keywords: strut, lateral earth pressure, sheet pile, bottom heave
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17. Reinforced earth Keywords: concrete element, steel strip, aluminium strip
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18. Pile foundations Keywords: concrete pile, steel pile, timber pile
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19. Ultimate bearing capacity of piles Keywords: point resistance, skin resistance, ultimate resistance
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20. Pile groups Keywords: bridge abutment, fill, soft clay, negative skin friction
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Chapter 2. Soil mechanics Page 21. Concepts in foundation engineering Keywords: soil mechanics, engineering geology, foundation engineering, theory, experience
15
22. Description of soil properties Keywords: index properties, soil classification, stress condition, permeability, deformation property, shear strength
15
23. Definition of geotechnical terms Keywords: void ratio, porosity, water content, unit weight, dry unit weight, unit weight of solid, specific gravity, degree of saturation, gas, water, solid
16
24. Determination of grain size distribution Keywords: grain size, percent finer, hydrometer analysis, sieve analysis, sand, effective grain size, coefficient of uniformity, well graded, uniformly graded, poorly sorted, poorly graded, clay, silt, sand, gravel
16
25. Plasticity of soils Keywords: plasticity index, shrinkage limit, plastic limit, liquid limit, water content
17
26. Plasticity chart Keywords: liquid limit, low plasticity, medium plasticity, high plasticity, A-line, clay, silt, plasticity index
17
27. Distinction between clay and silt Keywords: plasticity, settlement rate, dilatancy, dry strength, settlements, suspension
18
28. Structure of clay Keywords: dispersed, flocculated, positive charge, negative charge
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29. Standard Proctor compaction test Keywords: dry unit weight, dry density, maximum dry density, saturated, optimum water content, water content
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30. Proctors compaction tests Keywords: standard Proctor test, modified Proctor test, blows, layer
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31. Compaction curves Keywords: clay, silt, sand, till, standard, modified, water content, dry density
20
32. Unified soil classification system Keywords: gravel, sand, silt, clay, organic, peat, well graded, poorly graded, silty, clayey, low plasticity, high plasticity, ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, OH, liquid limit
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33. Tripartite soil classification chart Keywords: percent, clay, sand, silt, particle size
21
34. British Standard Code of Practice for Soil Investigations (CP 2001) Keywords: soil description, consistence, density, structure, colour, particle size, geological formation
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35. Rock description (CP 2001) Keywords: colour, grain size, texture, structure, state of weathering, rock name, strength,
22
36. Darcy's law Keywords: coefficient of permeability, hydraulic gradient, flow,
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37. Permeameter for determination of laboratory permeability Keywords: standpipe, Darcy´s law
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38. Pumping test for determination of field permeability Keywords: permeability, piezometer, infiltration test
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39. Permeability of soils Keywords: gravel, sand, silt clay, pumping test, permeability test, constant head, falling head, consolidation test, d10
24
40. Flow net determination Keywords: flow line, equipotential line
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41. Effective stress concept Keywords: effective stress, pore water pressure, total stress
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42. Seepage pressure (negative pore water pressure) Keywords: effective stress, seepage pressure, total stress
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43. Seepage pressure (positive pore water pressure) Keywords: effective stress, seepage pressure, total stress, quick condition
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44. Stress-strain relationship of soil Keywords: stress, strain, secant modulus, ultimate stress
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45. Hyperbolic stress-strain relationship Keywords: stress, strain, hyperbolic curve
27
46. Modulus of elasticity Keywords: stress-strain relationship, Poisson's ratio, modulus of elasticity
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47. Shear modulus Keywords: shear stress, shear modulus, shear deformation
28
48. Compression modulus Keywords: coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest
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49. Stability of footing on soil Keywords: shear strength, failure surface, heave
29
50. Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion Keywords: Coulomb-Mohr,Terzaghi-Hvorslev, angle of internal friction, attraction, cohesion, shear strength, normal stress
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51. Mohr's stress circle Keywords: shear stress, normal stress, failure surface, friction angle, cohesion
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52. Effective stress concept Keywords: ambient stress, deviator stress, pore water pressure, pore pressure coefficient A, pore pressure coefficient B
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53. Mohr's circle for clay soil Keywords: shear stress, normal stress, compression stress
31
54. Stress path concept 31
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Keywords: p-q curve
55. Stress path concept, Kf failure line Keywords: cohesion, friction angle, p, q, Kf
32
56. Typical values of angle of internal friction of soils Keywords: gravel, sand, silt, clay, relative density, angularity, gradation, particle size
32
57. Undrained shear strength of cohesive soils Keywords: c/p-ratio, effective stress, undrained shear strength, ground water level
33
58. c/p-ratio of clays Keywords: normally consolidated clay, plasticity index
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59. Correction factor for undrained shear strength Keywords: plasticity index, stability, clay, c/p ratio
34
60. Effective friction angle as function of plasticity index Keywords: friction angle, plasticity index
34
61. Short term stability of an excavation Keywords: excavation, normally consolidated, overconsolidated, initial ground water level, shear strength
35
62. Long term stability of an excavation Keywords: normally consolidated clay, overconsolidated clay, flow lines
35
63. Effective stress analysis Keywords: sand, shear strength, drained test
36
64. Total stress analysis Keywords: saturated soil, c-analysis,
36
65. Determination of shear strength Keywords: sand, silt, short term, long term, saturated, non-saturated, c-analysis,
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66. Laboratory tests for determination of shear strength of cohesive soils Keywords: direct shear test, triaxial test, unconfined compression test, fall cone test, vane test
37
67. Laboratory tests for determination of undrained shear strength Keywords: direct shear test, triaxial test, unconfined compression test, fall cone test, laboratory vane test
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68. Field tests for determination of undrained shear strength Keywords: field vane test, pressuremeter test, cone penetration test, standard penetration test, weight sounding test
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Chapter 3. Geotechnical field investigations Page
69. Geotechnical soil exploration methods Keywords: geophysical, sampling, penetrometer, plate load test, pressuremeter test, piezometer
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70. Objectives of soil investigation Keywords: stability, settlements sand, silt, clay, rock, ground water, safety factor, structure, construction
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71. Depth of investigation for structures Keywords: footing, raft, pier
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72. Site investigation Keywords: map, site visit, authorities, contractor, topography, buried services, geological condition, previous use of site
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73. Site investigation (cont.) Keywords: climatic condition, material, hydrological condition
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74. Planning of site investigation Keywords: water main, pond, road, building
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75. Seismic refraction method Keywords: geophone, distance, travel time, time, detonation, chart
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76. Surface investigation Keywords: trial trench, trial pit, casing, ground water
44
77. Soil sampler Keywords: slot sampler, rotation, sand, silt, peat
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78. Soil sampler Keywords: split spoon sampler, SPT, Shelby tube sampler
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79. Swedish foil sampler Keywords: steel foil, piston sampler, steel foil, casing, piston
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80. Undisturbed samples Keywords: piston, friction, gas, sample, friction, stress release, disturbance
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81. Rock drilling Keywords: double tube core barrel, diamonds, coring bit, outer tube, inner tube, ball bearing
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82. Rock quality designation (RQD) Keywords: description, RDQ, very poor, poor, fair, good excellent
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83. Field vane test Keywords: Sgi, undrained shear strength, casing, rod, sheath, vane, clay, measuring head, torque
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84. Field vane test Keywords: Geotech, slip coupling, undrained shear strength, friction, torque,
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85. Pore pressure probe Keywords: piezocone, jacking, cable, clay, pore pressure, excess pore pressure, layer, undrained shear strength
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86. Pressuremeter Keywords: guard cell, measuring cell, Menard, water, gas
87. Evaluation of Pressuremeter test Keywords: cell pressure, volume, expansion of cell, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, Pressuremeter modulus, limit pressure, shear modulus
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88. Plate load test Keywords: beam, anchor, plate, jack, dial indicators load, displacement, load
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89. Screw plate test Keywords: displacement, pressure, strength, sand, jack, field compressometer
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90. Evaluation of plate load test Keywords: settlement, load, ultimate large plate, small plate, diameter
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91. Plate load test, clay Keywords: large plate, small plate, settlement
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92. Total stress cell Keywords: Glötzl cell, coefficient of lateral earth pressure, at rest, clay
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93. Piezometer Keywords: pore water pressure, crack, hydraulic fracturing, pressure, volume,
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94. Triaxial test Keywords: lateral earth pressure, water saturation
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95. Coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest, sand, clay Keywords: sand, clay, normally consolidated, plasticity index
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96. Determination of ground water level Keywords: pumping, well
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Chapter 4. Bearing capacity of foundations Page
97. Bearing capacity of surface foundation Keywords: load, settlement, ultimate load
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98. Failure mechanism of surface foundation Keywords: general shear failure, local shear failure, punching, failure surface, compaction
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99. Failure zones below surface foundation Keywords: overburden pressure, active Rankine zone, Prandtle zone, Passive Rankine zone, cohesion, unit weight of soil
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100. Determination of bearing capacity of surface foundation Keywords: shape factor, bearing capacity factor, unit weight, inclination, base factor, ground factor, width, cohesion, friction angle
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101. Bearing capacity factors Keywords: angle of internal friction, N-factor, cohesion, weight, bearing capacity
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102. Effective stress analysis of foundation on sand Keywords: drained triaxial test, shear strength, vertical load, horizontal surface, friction angle, width
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103. Plain strain friction angle Keywords: plain strain, triaxial test
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104. Punching failure Keywords: loose sand, loose silt, friction angle, cohesion
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105. Bearing capacity of footing in sand Keywords: effective overburden pressure, ground water, N-factor
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106. Bearing capacity of footing in sand (layered soil) Keywords: footing, soil layer, density, depth, width
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107. Footing in excavation 61
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Keywords: depth, boundary
108. Effect of hydraulic gradient on bearing capacity Keywords: flow line, equipotential line
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109. Effect of adjacent footing in slope Keywords: failure surface, log spiral failure surface, slope
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110. Log spiral Keywords: friction angle
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111. Bearing capacity of footing (log spiral) Keywords: log spiral, shear strength
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112. Effect of horizontal load on bearing capacity Keywords: vertical load, horizontal load, failure surface
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113. Equivalent area of surface footing Keywords: length, width, round, triangular, eccentricity
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114. Total stress analysis of foundation in clay Keywords: undrained shear strength, vertical load, horizontal surface, bearing capacity
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115. Effect of soil layer on bearing capacity of footing in clay Keywords: vertical plane, horizontal plane, isotropic, circular failure surface, depth, width
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116. Effect of overburden pressure on bearing capacity in clay Keywords: total overburden pressure, allowable load, ultimate load, depth
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117. Pressure distribution below footing in clay and sand Keywords: ultimate bearing capacity, elastic theory, design load,
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118. Pull out resistance of shallow footing Keywords: depth, friction angle, shape factor, density, weight
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119. Pull out resistance of footing at depth Keywords: shape factor, friction angle, depth, weight
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120. Bearing capacity on rock Keywords: unconfined compressive strength, steel point, pile, allowable load, ultimate load
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Chapter 5. Foundation settlements Page
121. Settlements of foundations Keywords: cracks, tower of Pisa
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122. Stress distribution below point load Keywords: stress increase, Boussinesq, pressure bulb, equal stress increase
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123. Stress below strip load Keywords: distance, depth, diameter, stress increase, load
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124. Influence chart Keywords: Influence value, squares, load
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125. 2:1 - method Keywords: surface load, stress distribution, width, depth
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126. 2:1 - method at corner of footing Keywords: depth, stress increase, loaded area, length, width
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127. Settlement below footing Keywords: clay, silt, sand, immediate settlement, primary settlement, secondary settlement, first loading, cyclic loading
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128. Settlements in clay and silt Keywords: normally consolidated, overconsolidated, primary settlement, secondary settlement, total settlement, modulus, pressuremeter, oedometer, elastic method, undrained shear strength
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129. Settlements in sand Keywords: first loading, cyclic loading, compression modulus, coefficient of subgrade reaction, SPT, CPT, WST, triaxial test, plate load test
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130. Immediate settlements in clay Keywords: theory of elasticity, correction factor for depth, Poisson's ratio, influence factor, modulus of elasticity
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131. Correction factor for foundation depth Keywords: Poisson's ratio, width, depth,
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132. Determination of compression index Keywords: void ratio, effective stress, compression index, liquid limit, stress increase
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133. Determination of settlements from compression test Keywords: preconsolidation pressure, effective stress, corrected curve, applied pressure, void ratio, settlement, load scale
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134. Principle of settlement calculation Keywords: primary settlement, void ratio, water content
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135. Settlement below footing Keywords: effective stress, applied stress, ground water, void ratio
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136. Determination of precosolidation pressure Keywords: preconsolidation stress, effective stress, void ratio
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137. Determination of coefficient of consolidation (logarithmic) Keywords: consolidation curve, time, logarithmic, primary consolidation, secondary consolidation, coefficient of consolidation, dial reading
80
138. Coefficient of consolidation (square root) Keywords: time, settlement, coefficient of consolidation
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139. Secondary consolidation Keywords: time, void ratio,
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140. Effect of surface fill on stress distribution Keywords: compression modulus, pore water pressure, total stress, effective stress, stress increase, time, ground water, fill, compression modulus, sand, clay, settlement
81
141. Estimate of modulus of elasticity in clay Keywords: clay, undrained shear strength, normally consolidated, overconsolidated
82
142. Soil modulus from cone penetration test (CPT) Keywords: sand, clay, Bowles
82
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143. Determination of modulus from plate load test Keywords: settlement, elastic range, coefficient of subgrade reaction, load
82
144. Estimate of settlements below footing on sand Keywords: pressure bulb, modulus of elasticity, sand, clay, load
83
145. Settlements of footing on clay Keywords: width, settlement
83
146. Effect of plate diameter on bearing capacity of plate on sand Keywords: width, settlements, sand
84
147. Estimate of modulus of elasticity from Standard penetration test (SPT) Keywords: sand, clay, SPT, N-value
84
148. Estimate of modulus of elasticity from cone penetration test (CPT Keywords: sand,
85
149. Estimate of modulus of elasticity in clay from Standard penetration test (SPT) and undrained shear strength Keywords: clay, modulus of elasticity, N-value
85
150. Allowable footing pressure based on SPT N-values Keywords: bearing capacity, settlements, blow count, N-value
86
151. Settlements of footing on sand from cone penetration test, CPT Keywords: footing, raft, allowable pressure, cone resistance
86
152. Allowable settlement below building Keywords: crack, differential settlement, sewer line
877
153. Damage due to foundation settlements Keywords: clay, sand, ground water, flexural cracks, shear cracks, total settlements, differential settlements
87
154. Floating foundation Keywords: compensated foundation, building weight, fill, settlement
88
155. Effect of ground water lowering from tunnel on building settlements Keywords: ground water level, clay, sand, tunnel
88
156. Effect of trees on ground water near building Keywords: settlements, distance to building, tree height
89
157. Differential settlements between adjacent buildings Keywords: settlement, soft clay, crack
89
158. Negative skin friction due to ground water lowering Keywords: pile, cracks, settlements, ground water level
90
159. Swelling potential of soil below building Keywords: heave, swelling potential, seasonal variation, ground water, sewer line, leaks, watering, plasticity index, liquid limit, shrinkage limit
90
160. Effect of pile installation on adjacent building Keywords: clay, sand, pile, area of influence, heave, settlement
91
161. Allowable differential settlements below structure Keywords: rotation, differential settlements, USSR code, structure type, distance between footings
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Chapter 6. Factors to consider in foundation design Page
162. Examples of foundation design Keywords: footings, raft, piles
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163. Design considerations Keywords: seasonal change, frost heave, change of ground water level, internal erosion, piping, adjacent excavation, soil creep, sink holes, vibrations, deterioration of concrete
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164. Factor of safety of foundation Keywords: increase of safety factor, time, ultimate pressure, minimum
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165. Determination of factor of safety for different structures Keywords: forces preventing failure, forces initiating failure, moment, dams, fill, retaining wall, sheet pile, braced excavation, footing, mat, raft, uplift, heave, piping
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166. Factor of safety of slope Keywords: centre of rotation, length of failure surface, resisting moment, initiating moment, resisting force
96
167. Stability of slope in clay Keywords: weight of soil, sliding, slip circle, undrained shear strength
96
168. Factor of safety of slope in clay Keywords: weight of soil, slip circle,
97
169. Probability of failure Keywords: coefficient of variation, mean value, standard deviation, load, strength
97
170. Load combinations Keywords: dead loads, live load, wind load, earthquake load, load factor
98
171. Characteristic load Keywords: load factor, partial factor of safety, shear strength, friction angle, cohesion,
98
172. Coefficient of variability Keywords: loads, soil properties, analysis, construction, safety factor, reliability, low, very low, medium, high, very high
99
173. Factor of safety Keywords: coefficient of variability, stability, settlement, stability safety, settlement factor, low, medium, high, very high
99
174. Minimum load factors and partial safety factors Keywords: loads, soil strength, dead load, live load, static water pressure, environmental load, cohesion, friction,
100
175. Effect of adjacent structures Keywords: stress increase, settlement, new, old, lateral earth pressure
100
176. Effect of excavation Keywords: stability, excavation
100
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Chapter 7. Spread footing design Page
177. Spread footing Keywords: reinforcement, floor slab, soil reaction
102
178. Footing types Keywords: trapezoidal, column, strap, wall, combined, footing with moment
102
179. Design considerations Keywords: compression in concrete, pedestal, punching, cover, tension reinforcement, reinforcement
103
180. Critical section Keywords: reinforcement, masonry, steel, base plate,
103
181. Critical section of footing Keywords: shear force, shear stress,
104
182. Bond stress in footing Keywords: bond stress, reinforcement
104
183. Eccentric force on footings Keywords: eccentricity, footing, moment
105
184. Design of eccentrically loaded footing Keywords: allowable pressure, eccentricity, width,, moment
105
185. Eccentrically loaded footing Keywords: stress, allowable pressure
106
186. Drainage of footings Keywords: drain
106
Chapter 8. Special footings and beams on elastic foundations Page
187. Special footings and beams on elastic foundations Keywords: beam, strap, moment, eccentricity
108
188. Combined footing Keywords: elevation, plan
108
189. Load distribution on footing Keywords: concentrated load, moment distribution, shear stress distribution, pressure
109
190. Winkler foundation Keywords: spring, elastic, soil reaction, coefficient of subgrade reaction, actual, load, deflection, settlement
109
191. Coefficient of subgrade reaction Keywords: elastic spring, elastic range, settlement, unloading, load
110
192. Classical design solution Keywords: deflection, moment, shear force
110
193. Elastic deflection of beam Keywords: solutions, shear force, moment, slope, deflection
111
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194. Effect of foundation width on footing settlement Keywords: solutions, clay, sand, deformation,
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Chapter 9. Mat foundations Page
195. Mat foundations Keywords: examples, loads
114
196. Waffle structure Keywords: ribs
114
197. Finite difference method Keywords: computer programme, uncertainties, coefficient of subgrade reaction, modulus of elasticity,
115
198. Design of building foundation Keywords: span, wall, strip, span length, exterior spans, interior spans
115
199. Grain elevator foundation Keywords: clay, allowable pressure, factor of safety, total overburden pressure
116
200. Floating foundation Keywords: building weight, soil weight, depth of excavation, story,
116
201. Floating building foundation Keywords: excavation, net pressure
117
202. Differential settlements due to ground water lowering Keywords: clay, ground water lowering
117
203. Stability of deep excavations Keywords: heave, anchor, sheet pile
118
204. Effect of pile installation adjacent to excavation Keywords: excavation, embankment piles
118
205. Support of excavation against heave Keywords: fill
119
206. Anchor pile in excavation Keywords: water-filled excavation
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Chapter 10. Lateral earth pressure Page
207. Lateral earth pressure Keywords: retaining wall, sheet pile wall
123
208. Influence of displacement on lateral earth pressure Keywords: active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, lateral earth pressure at rest, away from fill, against fill
123
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209. Active earth pressure (Rankine) Keywords: coefficient of active earth pressure, shear stress, normal pressure, depth of excavation, Mohr circle
124
210. Distribution of active earth pressure Keywords: Rankine, Mohr circle, cohesion, depth
124
211. Active earth pressure (Coulomb) Keywords: wedge
125
212. Influence of two point loads on soil pressure Keywords: displacement, Boussinesq, rigid smooth wall
125
213. Stress distribution below surface load Keywords: Influence value, 0.005, number of squares, Poisson's ratio
126
214. Effect of compaction on earth pressure Keywords: bridge abutment, deep basement, lateral earth pressure
126
215. Effect of vibratory roller Keywords: passive pressure, at rest pressure, active pressure, dynamic soil pressure
127
216. Distribution of soil pressure after compaction Keywords: initial, compaction, stress increase, active at rest, passive at rest
127
217. Compaction of soil layers Keywords: compactor, first layer, second layer, depth, passive at rest
128
218. Earth pressure distribution at rigid wall due to compaction Keywords: depth, lateral earth pressure, increase, compaction, without compaction, rigid wall
128
219. Examples of retaining structures Keywords: gravity wall, cantilever wall, counterfort wall
129
220. Crib wall Keywords: stretcher, header, cells, soil
129
221. Gravity wall and Cantilever wall Keywords: height
130
222. Failure modes Keywords: mechanisms, bearing capacity, overturning, sliding, general failure, centre of rotation
130
223. Design of retaining structure for bearing capacity Keywords: eccentric load, inclined load, design
131
224. Bearing capacity of retaining wall Keywords: wall, inclined
131
225. Design of retaining wall for inclined load Keywords: eccentricity
132
226. Inclined wall Keywords: force
132
227. Overturning of retaining wall Keywords: point of overturning, resisting moment, driving moment
133
228. Design of wall against sliding Keywords: resisting force, driving force, sand, clay
133
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229. Shear keys in sliding wall Keywords: shear key, alternative location
134
230. General stability of retaining wall Keywords: driving moment, resisting moment, failure surface
134
231. Reinforcement in retaining wall Keywords: moment, reinforcement
135
232. Location of reinforcement Keywords: moment distribution
135
233. Tilting of retaining structure Keywords: bridge abutment, design, actual pressure, yielding
136
234. Counterfort walls Keywords: elevation
136
235. Drainage of wall Keywords: drain, pore water pressure, slip surface
137
236. Drainage of retaining structure Keywords: drain, slip surface, pore pressure distribution
137
237. Drainage of retaining structure Keywords: failure surface, drainage layer, pore water pressure
137
238. Reinforced earth, type Vidal Keywords: metal strip
138
239. Reinforce earth wall Keywords: metal strip, spacing, star-shaped element, stress distribution, actual failure surface
138
240. Required length of earth reinforcement Keywords: earth pressure, length, failure surface
139
241. Bearing capacity failure of retaining structure Keywords: base failure
139
242. Fabric reinforced wall Keywords: precast concrete element, fabric, soil
140
243. Fabric reinforced wall Keywords: reinforcement
140
244. Examples of fabric reinforced wall Keywords: failure surface, fabric
141
245. Design of fabric reinforced wall Keywords: failure surface, length
141
Chapter 11. Soil retaining structures Page
246. Support systems Keywords: anchored wall, strutted wall, cantilever wall, sheet pile, strut, wale beam, ground anchor
146
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247. Wood elements Keywords: groove, spline, tongue, driving sequence
146
248. Concrete elements Keywords: heavy, difficult, grouted, driving
147
249. Steel sheet piles Keywords: light, difficult to drive
147
250. Sheet piles details Keywords: anchor rod, lagging, wedge, wale beam, soldier beam
148
251. Details of wall construction Keywords: poling boards, soldier beams (King post), strap, clip, welded studs, washers, soldier beam placed in predrilled borehole
148
252. Bored pile wall Keywords: wale beam, ground anchor
149
253. Berliner wall Keywords: soldier pile, precast element, ground anchor, shotcrete, rail, wire mesh
149
254. Factor of safety of retaining wall Keywords: active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, factor of safety, water pressure, friction angle,
150
255. Cantilever sheet pile wall Keywords: flow line, equipotential line, water pressure, net water pressure
150
256. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, friction soil Keywords: uplift, dragdown, gradient, water pressure, Rankine
151
257. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, cohesive soil Keywords: undrained shear strength, cohesion, net pressure, active earth pressure, Rankine, actual, assumed, water pressure
151
258. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, factor of safety Keywords: clay, depth, factor of safety, cohesion, depth
152
259. Design of sheet pile walls Keywords: wale beam, anchor rod, sheet pile
152
260. Failure mechanisms Keywords: plastic hinge, rotation
153
261. Anchored sheet pile wall (Free earth support) Keywords: center of rotation, surface load, resisting moment, driving moment, depth, earth pressure, net pressure, overburden pressure
153
262. Earth pressure distribution in cohesive soil with wall friction Keywords: adhesion, wall friction, depth, cohesion, vertical pressure, surface load
154
263. Critical height of sheet pile wall in clay Keywords: no wall friction, with wall friction, stability factor, unstable, stable, undrained shear strength,
154
264. Earth pressure distribution along sheet pile wall Keywords: passive earth pressure, active earth pressure, sand, clay, surface pressure
155
265. Moment distribution in sheet pile wall Keywords: distributed load, moment, distributed load, shear distribution, surface load
155
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266. Anchored or braced sheet pile wall Keywords: flexible, stiff, assumed, deflection, earth pressure distribution, moment distribution, anchor
156
267. Moment reduction in sheet pile wall Keywords: anchor, moment, reduced load
156
268. Deflection of sheet pile wall Keywords: stiffness, height
157
269. Moment as function of sheet pile height Keywords: dense sand, loose sand, moment
157
270. Anchor systems Keywords: soil anchor, rock anchor, concrete slab, piles, short sheet pile, inclination
158
271. Anchor piles Keywords: piles, pull out resistance
158
272. Design aspects of anchor plate Keywords: anchor plate, passive earth pressure, anchor force, active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, critical failure surface, anchor depth
159
273. Critical depth of anchor plate in sand Keywords: friction angle, depth, passive earth pressure
159
274. Critical depth of anchor plate in clay Keywords: undrained shear strength, critical depth
160
275. Pull out resistance of anchor plate in clay Keywords: depth,
160
276. Settlement behind sheet pile wall Keywords: anchor force, settlement, inclination
160
277. Strutted wall Keywords: soil anchor, passive resistance, wedge, horizontal anchor
161
278. Anchored wall Keywords: soil anchor, inclined anchor, failure wedge,
161
279. General stability of anchored wall Keywords: failure surface, failure surface, factor of safety, active earth pressure, passive earth pressure
161
280. Load distribution between soil anchors Keywords: Manfred Panel C1, Bergshamra Panel A, load, arching
162
281. Force redistribution in soil wedge Keywords: failure surface
162
282. Braced excavations Keywords: settlement, strut, wale beam
163
283. Earth pressure distributions (design) Keywords: earth pressure distribution, sand, soft clay, stiff fissured clay, depth, undrained shear strength, struts
163
284. Strut forces Keywords: hinge
164
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Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms
285. Strut forces in adjacent excavations Keywords: tensile crack, first strut, second strut, undrained shear strength, failure surface
164
286. Water flow into excavation in sand Keywords: flow line, ground water, quick condition, critical gradient, depth of excavation
164
287. Bottom heave in excavation Keywords: sand, clay, adhesion, ground water, struts critical depth
165
288. Bottom heave in excavation in clay Keywords: stability factor, struts, depth, width
165
289. Bottom heave in excavation in clay, effect of wall adhesion Keywords: stability factor, adhesion
166
290. Settlement adjacent to strutted excavation Keywords: struts, settlements, ground water level, base heave, stability, lateral displacement, workmanship
166
291. Estimate of settlement adjacent to excavation Keywords: ground loss, distance, maximum depth of excavation, sand, clay, settlement, very soft clay, stability factor, A, B, C
167
292. Bored pile wall with soil anchors Keywords: shotcrete, soil anchor, soft clay, undrained shear strength, bored pile, ground anchor
167
293. Slurry walls or diaphragm walls Keywords: wall panel, ground anchor
168
294. Slurry wall construction Keywords: grab, bentonite slurry, reinforcement cage, steel tube, excavation, placement of steel tube, placement of reinforcement, concreting
168
295. Stability of slots Keywords: soil wedge
169
296. Bentonite slurry Keywords: oil well drilling, soil borings, bentonite clay, montmorillonite, barite, barium sulphate, slurry density
169
297. Stability of slurry excavation Keywords: ground beams, bentonite slurry, filter skin, density of slurry, failure wedge
170
298. Maximum depth of slurry excavation Keywords: layer of stones or gravel, viscosity, tixotrophy, filter skin, undrained shear strength, active earth pressure, ground water level
170
299. Concreting of slurry excavation Keywords: soft clay, critical depth, undrained shear strength, density, tremmie pipe
171
300. Deformation of concrete wall Keywords: active earth pressure, at rest pressure, Winkler foundation, load redistribution, deformation, soil anchor
171
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Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms
Chapter 12. Pile foundations - Single piles Page
301. Piles Keywords: pile cap, piles, soft clay, sand, raker pile, batter pile
177
302. Vibrations Keywords: tanks, silos, chimneys, machine foundations, sand, ground water
177
303. Examples of pile foundations Keywords: compaction piles, raked piles, damping of piles, small damping, vibrations
178
304. Stability of bridge abutment Keywords: soft clay, fill, bridge abutment
178
305. Embankment piles Keywords: soft clay, raked piles, bridge abutment, fill
179
306. Anchor piles for dry docks, subway stations Keywords: ground water, up-lift force, anchor piles
179
307. Offshore structures on piles Keywords: cyclic loading, scour, compression, steel pipe piles, tension force
180
308. Stabilisation of slope by piles Keywords: slope stability, large diameter pile, steel pipe pile, failure surface
180
309. Design of embankment piles Keywords: failure surface, clay, precast piles,
181
310. Anchor piles in swelling soil Keywords: seasonal changes, swelling clay, montmorillonite, high liquid limit, high plasticity index, building
181
311. Examples of pile types Keywords: driven piles, bored piles, jacked-down piles, screw piles, hydraulic jack
182
312. Piles foundations Keywords: concrete pile, steel pile, timber, H pile
182
313. Pile types Keywords: large displacement piles, small displacement piles, non-displacement piles, bored piles, precast piles, pipe piles, cased, uncased
183
314. Loading conditions of piles Keywords: compression, lateral load, tension
183
315. Load transfer to piles Keywords: friction or floating piles, end bearing piles, clay, sand, rock
184
316. Timber piles Keywords: advantages, difficulties, limit bearing capacity, soft clay, tip, shaft, ground water, butt
184
317. Pile splices Keywords: steel sleeve, steel strap
185
318. Splices and rock points Keywords: rock point,
185
319. Precast concrete piles Keywords: point, concrete, reinforcement. pile diameter
186
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Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms
320. Lifting of piles Keywords: pile length, lifting hooks, moment
186
321. Prestressed concrete piles Keywords: height strength concrete, brittle, reduced cracking, reduced ductility
187
322. Concrete strength (CP 2004) Keywords: cube strength, hard driving, normal to easy driving, high capacity, reduced weight, easy driving
187
323. Installation of jacked-down piles Keywords: pump, manometer, steel insert, hydraulic jack, pile segment
188
324. Bored piles Keywords: auger, reinforcement, tremmie pipe, concreting
188
325. Examples of bored piles Keywords: bored piles, drilling of shaft, drilling of bell, concrete, stiff clay, reinforcement
189
326. Bored piles with bell Keywords: bells
189
327. Cast-in-place piles Keywords: casing, driving, casing filled with water, casing filled with concrete, reinforcement
190
328. Necking during casting of pile shaft in soft clay Keywords: casing, soft clay, sand or silt, ground water
190
329. Slurry trench wall construction Keywords: ground water, surface casing, bentonite slurry, chisel, pouring of concrete, lowering of reinforcement element
191
330. Shapes of slurry trench pile elements Keywords: size
191
331. Raymond step tapered pile Keywords: steel shell, steel cone, light bulb, reinforcement cage, casting of concrete
192
332. Franki pile Keywords: concrete plug, bulb, internal hammer, prefabricated shaft, light casing
192
333. Steel H-pile Keywords: easy to drive, easy to cut, corrosion, expensive, splicing, soil plug, driving shoe, steel plate
193
334. Steel pipe piles Keywords: diameter, closed or open ended, soil plug, diameter
193
335. Corrosion Keywords: steel piles, concrete piles, National Bureau of Standards, splices, reinforcement, salt water
194
336. Settlement around during driving in sand Keywords: settlement, diameter, compaction within this zone
194
337. Effect of pile driving in clay Keywords: soft clay, heave, volume, soft clay, remoulded zone, pore water pressure, undrained shear strength
195
338. Redriving of piles in clay Keywords: risen piles, redriving, heave, soft clay, separation of splice
195
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Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms
339. Load distribution along pile Keywords: sand, clay, point resistance, shaft resistance
196
340. Pile load as function of pile displacement Keywords: load, displacement, soft clay, stiff clay, sand, cast in place pile, driven pile, with bell
197
341. Load deformation relationship of piles Keywords: pile load, displacement, point resistance, skin resistance
197
342. Direction of pile loading Keywords: compression, tension, weight of pile, factor of safety, allowable load, point resistance, shaft resistance
198
343. Determination of bearing capacity at pile point Keywords: end bearing, undrained shear strength, bearing capacity factor
198
344. Pile bearing capacity according to Meyerhof Keywords: friction angle, bearing capacity factor
199
345. Bearing capacity factor of piles Keywords: Terzaghi, Berezantsev, Meyerhof, Vesic, Brinch Hansen, de Beer, friction angle
199
346. Failure mechanism at pile point Keywords: point resistance, rigidity index, failure surface, compressibility, rigidity index
200
347. Comparison of cone resistance and pile point resistance Keywords: area of pile, sand
200
348. Comparison of SPTN-value and pile point resistance Keywords: SPT, sand, pile diameter
201
349. Lateral pressure against pile shaft Keywords: bored pile, small displacement pile, large displacement pile, straight shaft, tapered shaft, lateral earth pressure
202
350. Determination of pile capacity in sand Keywords: loose, dense, coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest, small, Vesic, displacement pile, non-displacement pile, tapered pile
202
351. Pile shaft capacity in sand Keywords: pile type, sand, critical depth,
203
352. Lateral pressure against pile shaft Keywords: Mansur & Hunter, Tavenas, Ireland, lateral earth pressure
203
353. Critical depth of pile shaft resistance Keywords: friction angle, bearing capacity value, diameter, length
204
354. Estimate of pile capacity based on Weight sounding test (WST) Keywords: half-turns, timber piles, concrete piles, Norwegian Pile Commission, skin area
204
355. Failure surface at pile point in clay Keywords: failure surface, diameter, area of pile
205
356. Skin friction resistance along pile shaft Keywords: cone penetration test, friction sleeve small displacement pile, large displacement pile
205
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Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms
357. Bearing capacity of piles in clay Keywords: normally consolidated clay, overconsolidated clay, undrained shear strength, reduction , ground surface
206
358. Lambda-method Keywords: offshore structures, depth, mean value, skin resistance
207
359. Estimate of pile skin resistance in clay Keywords: effective overburden pressure, Flaate, Selnes, undrained shear strength
208
360. Load transfer from pile to soil as function of pile displacement Keywords: t-z curves, q-y curve, driven pile, bored pile
209
361. Negative skin friction along piles Keywords: lowering of ground water level, driven pile, bored pile
209
362. Failure modes of horizontally loaded piles Keywords: soil failure, pile failure, failure mechanism
210
363. Lateral pile resistance in sand Keywords: sand, horizontal load, force
210
364. Lateral pile resistance in clay (rotational mode) Keywords: undrained shear strength, heave, passive earth pressure, lateral force, diameter, depth
211
365. Lateral pile resistance in clay (pile failure mode) Keywords: undrained shear strength, diameter, yield, moment, lateral force
211
Chapter 13. Single piles - Dynamic analysis Page
366. Pile driving equipment Keywords: drop hammer, diesel hammer, vibratory hammer, steam hammer, single acting, double acting
214
367. Dynamic pile test Keywords: hammer, helmet, cap block, cushion, pile, stress wave, depth, steel, concrete, wood
214
368. Stress wave analysis, rigid base Keywords: particle velocity, wave velocity, impedance, rebound of hammer
215
369. Stress wave analysis, soft base Keywords: particle velocity, length, impedance
215
370. Detection of pile defect by dynamic test Keywords: hammer velocity, particle velocity, wave velocity, force, accelerometer, impedance, warning, strain gauge, time, wave length, fracture
216
371. Determination of dynamic pile bearing capacity Keywords: hammer, force, displacement, elastic compression, drop height,
216
372. Pile driving formulae (definition) Keywords: mass of hammer, penetration resistance, effective height of fall, mass of pile, coefficient of restitution elastic compression, soil, cushion, dynamic pile capacity
217
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Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms
373. Pile driving formulae Keywords: Hiley, Kreuger, Janbu, elastic compression, cushion, pile, soil, load distribution factor, dynamic pile capacity
217
374. Elastic compression of pile Keywords: cushion, pen, set, pile, hammer
218
375. Static pile load test Keywords: applied load, displacement, point bearing pile, elastic compression, pile shaft, friction pile, sand, clay
218
376. Definition of pile failure load Keywords: settlement, applied load, range, pile diameter
219
377. Types of pile loading tests Keywords: maintained load, constant rate of penetration (CRP)
219
Chapter 14. Pile foundations - Pile Groups Page
378. Pile group in clay Keywords: elevation, plan, perimeter, plan, undrained shear strength
223
379. Examples of pile groups Keywords: single footings, foundation walls, friction pile, end-bearing pile, footing
224
380. Efficiency of pile group in clay Keywords: pile spacing, efficiency, optimum spacing, Sowers, length, model test, clay, Bentonite, calculated, measured
224
381. Settlement of pile group in clay Keywords: pile group, clay, 2:1 distribution, pile length
225
382. Efficiency of pile group (model tests) Keywords: pile load , applied load, Whitaker, ultimate load of pile group, center pile, corner pile, model test
225
383. Efficiency of pile group in sand (model test) Keywords: efficiency, width, length, model test, fine sand, row, group, pile spacing
226
384. Pile groups in sand (model tests) Keywords: load, displacement, pile group, Kezdi, diameter, spacing, fine sand
226
385. Load distribution in pile group Keywords: pile group, ultimate strength, compression, tension, center or rotation
227
386. Eccentric loading in pile group (example) Keywords: assumed centre of rotation, imaginary pile, rows
228
387. Eccentric loading in pile group (example cont.) Keywords: assumed centre of rotation, imaginary pile, rows
228
388. Load distribution below piled foundation Keywords: pressure bulb, raft, piled raft, width, san
229
389. Stress increase below pile group Keywords: single pile, pile group, stress distribution
229
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Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms
390. Settlements below pile group in sand Keywords: applied load, single pile, loaded pile, sand
230
391. Settlement of pile group Keywords: side of pile group, Skempton, single pile, pile group, width
230
392. Load distribution below pile group in sand Keywords: single pile, pile group, settlement, width, Berezantsev, friction angle
231
393. Negative skin friction along pile shaft in clay Keywords: fill, clay, neutral point, ground water level, lowering
231
394. Effect of negative skin friction on piles in clay Keywords: point bearing piles, floating piles, crushing, settlements
232
395. Protection piles for reduction of negative skin friction Keywords: protection piles
232
396. Heave caused by pile driving Keywords: clay, surface heave
233
397. Settlements caused by pile driving in sand Keywords: settlements, cone
233
398. Settlements caused by pile driving in excavation Keywords: clay, sand, sheet pile wall, vibrations, soil anchor
234
399. Effect on point resistance by pile driving Keywords: sand, pile length, vibrations, adjacent pile
234
400. Order of pile driving Keywords: settlements, damage to building, vibrations
235
401. Differential settlements below building due to pile driving in sand Keywords: sand, traffic, cracking, piles, driving
235
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Bengt Broms – Foundations – Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering
Chapter 1. Aspects of foundation engineering Page
1. Foundations of buildings and structures 2
2. Effects of underground installations on foundations 2
3. Soil deposit 3
4. Interactions between buildings 3
5. Requirements of a foundation 4
6. Development of geotechnical analysis 4
7. Soil investigation methods 5
8. Bearing capacity of footing 5
9. Pressure bulb below footing 6
10. Settlements caused by lowering of ground water level 6
11. Differential settlement below structure 7
12. Mat foundation 7
13. Lateral earth pressure 8
14. Design of retaining walls 8
15. Anchored sheet pile walls 9
16. Braced excavations 9
17. Reinforced earth 10
18. Pile foundations 10
19. Ultimate bearing capacity of piles 11
20. Pile groups 11
1
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering
Chapter 1. Aspects of foundation engineering 1. Foundations of buildings and structures Keywords: pile, raft, footing
Foundations of buildings and structures
2. Effects of underground installations on foundations Keywords: tunnel, ground water, water main, sewer line
2
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering
3. Soil deposit Keywords: clay, sand, rock, ground water
4. Interactions between buildings Keywords: settlement, clay, shale, tunnel, sewer line
3
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering
5. Requirements of a foundation Keywords: economy, safety, settlement, seasonal changes, construction problem, environment,
6. Development of geotechnical analysis Keywords: empirical, theoretical, semi-empirical, computers
4
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering
7. Soil investigation methods Keywords: seismic, boring, penetration test, test pit, pressure meter test, plate load test, CPT, SPT, WST, geophone
8. Bearing capacity of footing Keywords: heave, flow line, equipotential line, settlement, failure surface, flow net, heave
5
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering
9. Pressure bulb below footing Keywords: settlement, stress increase, compressibility
10. Settlements caused by lowering of ground water level Keywords: sand, clay, leaking sewer line, piezometer, ground water
6
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering
11. Differential settlement below structure Keywords: differential settlement, cracks
12. Mat foundation Keywords: elastic springs
7
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering
13. Lateral earth pressure Keywords: active earth pressure
14. Design of retaining walls Keywords: retaining wall
8
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering
15. Anchored sheet pile walls Keywords: sheet pile, anchor, vertical component
16. Braced excavations Keywords: strut, lateral earth pressure, sheet pile, bottom heave
9
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering
17. Reinforced earth Keywords: concrete element, steel strip, aluminium strip
18. Pile foundations Keywords: concrete pile, steel pile, timber pile
10
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering
19. Ultimate bearing capacity of piles Keywords: point resistance, skin resistance, ultimate resistance
20. Pile groups Keywords: bridge abutment, fill, soft clay, negative skin friction
11
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering
12
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
Chapter 2. Soil mechanics Page 21. Concepts in foundation engineering 15
22. Description of soil properties 15
23. Definition of geotechnical terms 16
24. Determination of grain size distribution 16
25. Plasticity of soils 17
26. Plasticity chart 17
27. Distinction between clay and silt 18
28. Structure of clay 18
29. Standard Proctor compaction test 19
30. Proctors compaction tests 19
31. Compaction curves 20
32. Unified soil classification system 20
33. Tripartite soil classification chart 21
34. British Standard Code of Practice for Soil Investigations (CP 2001) 21
35. Rock description (CP 2001) 22
36. Darcy's law 22
37. Permeameter for determination of laboratory permeability 23
38. Pumping test for determination of field permeability 23
39. Permeability of soils 24
40. Flow net determination 24
41. Effective stress concept 25
42. Seepage pressure (negative pore water pressure) 25
43. Seepage pressure (positive pore water pressure) 26
44. Stress-strain relationship of soil 26
45. Hyperbolic stress-strain relationship 27
46. Modulus of elasticity 27
47. Shear modulus 28
48. Compression modulus 28
49. Stability of footing on soil 29
50. Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion 29
13
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
51. Mohr's stress circle 30
52. Effective stress concept 30
53. Mohr's circle for clay soil 31
54. Stress path concept 31
55. Stress path concept, Kf failure line 32
56. Typical values of angle of internal friction of soils 32
57. Undrained shear strength of cohesive soils 33
58. c/p-ratio of clays 33
59. Correction factor for undrained shear strength 34
60. Effective friction angle as function of plasticity index 34
61. Short term stability of an excavation 35
62. Long term stability of an excavation 35
63. Effective stress analysis 36
64. Total stress analysis 36
65. Determination of shear strength 37
66. Laboratory tests for determination of shear strength of cohesive soils 37
67. Laboratory tests for determination of undrained shear strength 38
68. Field tests for determination of undrained shear strength 38
14
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
Chapter 2. Soil mechanics
21. Concepts in foundation engineering Keywords: soil mechanics, engineering geology, foundation engineering, theory, experience
22. Description of soil properties Keywords: index properties, soil classification, stress condition, permeability, deformation property, shear strength
15
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
23. Definition of geotechnical terms Keywords: void ratio, porosity, water content, unit weight, dry unit weight, unit weight of solid, specific gravity, degree of saturation, gas, water, solid
24. Determination of grain size distribution Keywords: grain size, percent finer, hydrometer analysis, sieve analysis, sand, effective, grain size, coefficient of uniformity, well graded, uniformly graded, poorly sorted, poorly graded, clay, silt, sand, gravel
16
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
25. Plasticity of soils Keywords: plasticity index, shrinkage limit, plastic limit, liquid limit, water content
26. Plasticity chart Keywords: liquid limit, low plasticity, medium plasticity, high plasticity, A-line, clay, silt, plasticity index
17
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
27. Distinction between clay and silt Keywords: plasticity, settlement rate, dilatancy, dry strength, settlements, suspension
28. Structure of clay Keywords: dispersed, flocculated, positive charge, negative charge
18
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
29. Standard Proctor compaction test Keywords: dry unit weight, dry density, maximum dry density, saturated, optimum water content, water content
30. Proctors compaction tests Keywords: standard Proctor test, modified Proctor test, blows, layer
19
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
31. Compaction curves Keywords: clay, silt, sand, till, standard, modified, water content, dry density
32. Unified soil classification system Keywords: gravel, sand, silt, clay, organic, peat, well graded, poorly graded, silty, clayey, low plasticity, high plasticity, ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, OH, liquid limit
20
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
33. Tripartite soil classification chart Keywords: percent, clay, sand, silt, particle size
34. British Standard Code of Practice for Soil Investigations (CP 2001) Keywords: soil description, consistence, density, structure, colour, particle size, geological formation
21
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
35. Rock description (CP 2001) Keywords: colour, grain size, texture, structure, state of weathering, rock name, strength,
36. Darcy's law Keywords: coefficient of permeability, hydraulic gradient, flow,
22
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
37. Permeameter for determination of laboratory permeability Keywords: standpipe, Darcy’s law
38. Pumping test for determination of field permeability Keywords: permeability, piezometer, infiltration test
23
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
39. Permeability of soils Keywords: gravel, sand, silt clay, pumping test, permeability test, constant head, falling head, consolidation test, d10
40. Flow net determination Keywords: flow line, equipotential line
24
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
41. Effective stress concept Keywords: effective stress, pore water pressure, total stress
42. Seepage pressure (negative pore water pressure) Keywords: effective stress, seepage pressure, total stress
25
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
43. Seepage pressure (positive pore water pressure) Keywords: effective stress, seepage pressure, total stress, quick condition
44. Stress-strain relationship of soil Keywords: stress, strain, secant modulus, ultimate stress
26
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
45. Hyperbolic stress-strain relationship Keywords: stress, strain, hyperbolic curve
46. Modulus of elasticity Keywords: stress-strain relationship, Poisson's ratio, modulus of elasticity
27
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
47. Shear modulus Keywords: shear stress, shear modulus, shear deformation
48. Compression modulus Keywords: coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest
28
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
49. Stability of footing on soil Keywords: shear strength, failure surface, heave
50. Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion Keywords: Coulomb-Mohr, Terzaghi-Hvorslev, angle of internal friction, attraction, cohesion, shear strength, normal stress
29
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
51. Mohr's stress circle Keywords: shear stress, normal stress, failure surface, friction angle, cohesion
52. Effective stress concept Keywords: ambient stress, deviator stress, pore water pressure, pore pressure coefficient A, pore pressure coefficient B
30
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
53. Mohr's circle for clay soil Keywords: shear stress, normal stress, compression stress
54. Stress path concept Keywords: p-q curve
31
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
55. Stress path concept, Kf failure line Keywords: cohesion, friction angle, p, q, Kf
56. Typical values of angle of internal friction of soils Keywords: gravel, sand, silt, clay, relative density, angularity, gradation, particle size
32
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
57. Undrained shear strength of cohesive soils Keywords: c/p-ratio, effective stress, undrained shear strength, ground water level
58. c/p-ratio of clays Keywords: normally consolidated clay, plasticity index
33
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
59. Correction factor for undrained shear strength Keywords: plasticity index, stability, clay, c/p ratio
60. Effective friction angle as function of plasticity index Keywords: friction angle, plasticity index
34
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
61. Short term stability of an excavation Keywords: excavation, normally consolidated, overconsolidated, initial ground water level, shear strength
62. Long term stability of an excavation Keywords: normally consolidated clay, overconsolidated clay, flow lines
35
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
63. Effective stress analysis Keywords: sand, shear strength, drained test
64. Total stress analysis Keywords: saturated soil, c-analysis,
36
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
65. Determination of shear strength Keywords: sand, silt, short term, long term, saturated, non-saturated, c-analysis,
66. Laboratory tests for determination of shear strength of cohesive soils Keywords: direct shear test, triaxial test, unconfined compression test, fall cone test, vane test
37
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics
67. Laboratory tests for determination of undrained shear strength Keywords: direct shear test, triaxial test, unconfined compression test, fall cone test, laboratory vane test
68. Field tests for determination of undrained shear strength Keywords: field vane test, pressuremeter test, cone penetration test, standard penetration test, weight sounding test
38
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations
Chapter 3. Geotechnical field investigations Page 69. Geotechnical soil exploration methods Keywords: geophysical, sampling, penetrometer, plate load test, pressuremeter test, piezometer
41
70. Objectives of soil investigation Keywords: stability, settlements sand, silt, clay, rock, ground water, safety factor, structure, construction
41
71. Depth of investigation for structures Keywords: footing, raft, pier
42
72. Site investigation Keywords: map, site visit, authorities, contractor, topography, buried services, geological condition, previous use of site
42
73. Site investigation (cont.) Keywords: climatic condition, material, hydrological condition
43
74. Planning of site investigation Keywords: water main, pond, road, building
43
75. Seismic refraction method Keywords: geophone, distance, travel time, time, detonation, chart
44
76. Surface investigation Keywords: trial trench, trial pit, casing, ground water
44
77. Soil sampler Keywords: slot sampler, rotation, sand, silt, peat
45
78. Soil sampler Keywords: split spoon sampler, SPT, Shelby tube sampler
45
79. Swedish foil sampler Keywords: steel foil, piston sampler, steel foil, casing, piston
46
80. Undisturbed samples Keywords: piston, friction, gas, sample, friction, stress release, disturbance
46
81. Rock drilling Keywords: double tube core barrel, diamonds, coring bit, outer tube, inner tube, ball bearing
47
82. Rock quality designation (RQD) Keywords: description, RDQ, very poor, poor, fair, good excellent
47
83. Field vane test Keywords: Sgi, undrained shear strength, casing, rod, sheath, vane, clay, measuring head, torque
48
84. Field vane test Keywords: Geotech, slip coupling, undrained shear strength, friction, torque,
48
85. Pore pressure probe Keywords: piezocone, jacking, cable, clay, pore pressure, excess pore pressure, layer, undrained shear strength
49
39
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations
86. Pressuremeter Keywords: guard cell, measuring cell, Menard, water, gas51
49
87. Evaluation of Pressuremeter test Keywords: cell pressure, volume, expansion of cell, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, Pressuremeter modulus, limit pressure, shear modulus
50
88. Plate load test Keywords: beam, anchor, plate, jack, dial indicators load, displacement, load
50
89. Screw plate test Keywords: displacement, pressure, strength, sand, jack, field compressometer
51
90. Evaluation of plate load test Keywords: settlement, load, ultimate large plate, small plate, diameter
51
91. Plate load test, clay Keywords: large plate, small plate, settlement
52
92. Total stress cell Keywords: Glötzl cell, coefficient of lateral earth pressure, at rest, clay
52
93. Piezometer Keywords: pore water pressure, crack, hydraulic fracturing, pressure, volume,
53
94. Triaxial test Keywords: lateral earth pressure, water saturation
53
95. Coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest, sand, clay Keywords: sand, clay, normally consolidated, plasticity index
54
96. Determination of ground water level Keywords: pumping, well
54
40
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations
Chapter 3. Geotechnical field investigations 69. Geotechnical soil exploration methods Keywords: geophysical, sampling, penetrometer, plate load test, pressuremeter test, piezometer
70. Objectives of soil investigation Keywords: stability, settlements sand, silt, clay, rock, ground water, safety factor, structure, construction
41
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 71. Depth of investigation for structures Keywords: footing, raft, píer
72. Site investigation Keywords: map, site visit, authorities, contractor, topography, buried services, geological condition, previous use of site
42
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations
73. Site investigation (cont.) Keywords: climatic condition, material, hydrological condition
74. Planning of site investigation Keywords: water main, pond, road, building
43
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 75. Seismic refraction method Keywords: geophone, distance, travel time, time, detonation, chart
76. Surface investigation Keywords: trial trench, trial pit, casing, ground water
44
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations
77. Soil sampler Keywords: slot sampler, rotation, sand, silt, peat
78. Soil sampler Keywords: split spoon sampler, SPT, Shelby tube sampler
45
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 79. Swedish foil sampler Keywords: steel foil, piston sampler, steel foil, casing, piston
80. Undisturbed samples Keywords: piston, friction, gas, sample, friction, stress release, disturbance
46
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations
81. Rock drilling Keywords: double tube core barrel, diamonds, coring bit, outer tube, inner tube, ball bearing
82. Rock quality designation (RQD) Keywords: description, RDQ, very poor, poor, fair, good excellent
47
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 83. Field vane test Keywords: Sgi, undrained shear strength, casing, rod, sheath, vane, clay, measuring head, torque
84. Field vane test Keywords: Geotech, slip coupling, undrained shear strength, friction, torque,
48
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations
85. Pore pressure probe Keywords: piezocone, jacking, cable, clay, pore pressure, excess pore pressure, layer, undrained shear strength
86. Pressuremeter Keywords: guard cell, measuring cell, Menard, water, gás
49
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 87. Evaluation of Pressuremeter test Keywords: cell pressure, volume, expansion of cell, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, Pressuremeter modulus, limit pressure, shear modulus
88. Plate load test Keywords: beam, anchor, plate, jack, dial indicators load, displacement, load
50
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations
89. Screw plate test Keywords: displacement, pressure, strength, sand, jack, field compressometer
90. Evaluation of plate load test Keywords: settlement, load, ultimate large plate, small plate, diameter
51
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 91. Plate load test, clay Keywords: large plate, small plate, settlement
92. Total stress cell Keywords: Glötzl cell, coefficient of lateral earth pressure, at rest, clay
52
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations
93. Piezometer Keywords: pore water pressure, crack, hydraulic fracturing, pressure, volume,
94. Triaxial test Keywords: lateral earth pressure, water saturation
53
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 95. Coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest, sand, clay Keywords: sand, clay, normally consolidated, plasticity index
96. Determination of ground water level Keywords: pumping, well
54
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations
Chapter 4. Bearing capacity of foundations Pages97. Bearing capacity of surface foundation Keywords: load, settlement, ultimate load
57
98. Failure mechanism of surface foundation Keywords: general shear failure, local shear failure, punching, failure surface, compaction
57
99. Failure zones below surface foundation Keywords: overburden pressure, active Rankine zone, Prandtl zone, Passive Rankine zone, cohesion, unit weight of soil
58
100. Determination of bearing capacity of surface foundation Keywords: shape factor, bearing capacity factor, unit weight, inclination, base factor, ground factor, width, cohesion, friction angle
58
101. Bearing capacity factors Keywords: angle of internal friction, N-factor, cohesion, weight, bearing capacity
59
102. Effective stress analysis of foundation on sand Keywords: drained triaxial test, shear strength, vertical load, horizontal surface, friction angle, width
59
103. Plain strain friction angle Keywords: plain strain, triaxial test
60
104. Punching failure Keywords: loose sand, loose silt, friction angle, cohesion
60
105. Bearing capacity of footing in sand Keywords: effective overburden pressure, ground water, N-factor
60
106. Bearing capacity of footing in sand (layered soil) Keywords: footing, soil layer, density, depth, width
61
107. Footing in excavation Keywords: depth, boundary
61
108. Effect of hydraulic gradient on bearing capacity Keywords: flow line, equipotential line
62
109. Effect of adjacent footing in slope Keywords: failure surface, log spiral failure surface, slope
62
110. Log spiral Keywords: friction angle
63
111. Bearing capacity of footing (log spiral) Keywords: log spiral, shear strength
63
112. Effect of horizontal load on bearing capacity Keywords: vertical load, horizontal load, failure surface
64
113. Equivalent area of surface footing Keywords: length, width, round, triangular, eccentricity
64
114. Total stress analysis of foundation in clay Keywords: undrained shear strength, vertical load, horizontal surface, bearing capacity
65
55
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations
115. Effect of soil layer on bearing capacity of footing in clay Keywords: vertical plane, horizontal plane, isotropic, circular failure surface, depth, width
65
116. Effect of overburden pressure on bearing capacity in clay Keywords: total overburden pressure, allowable load, ultimate load, depth
66
117. Pressure distribution below footing in clay and sand Keywords: ultimate bearing capacity, elastic theory, design load,
66
118. Pull out resistance of shallow footing Keywords: depth, friction angle, shape factor, density, weight
67
119. Pull out resistance of footing at depth Keywords: shape factor, friction angle, depth, weight
67
120. Bearing capacity on rock Keywords: unconfined compressive strength, steel point, pile, allowable load, ultimate load
68
56
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations
Chapter 4. Bearing capacity of foundations 97. Bearing capacity of surface foundation Keywords: load, settlement, ultimate load
98. Failure mechanism of surface foundation Keywords: general shear failure, local shear failure, punching, failure surface, compaction
57
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 99. Failure zones below surface foundation Keywords: overburden pressure, active Rankine zone, Prandtl zone, Passive Rankine zone, cohesion, unit weight of soil
100. Determination of bearing capacity of surface foundation Keywords: shape factor, bearing capacity factor, unit weight, inclination, base factor, ground factor, width, cohesion, friction angle
58
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 101. Bearing capacity factors Keywords: angle of internal friction, N-factor, cohesion, weight, bearing capacity
102. Effective stress analysis of foundation on sand Keywords: drained triaxial test, shear strength, vertical load, horizontal surface, friction angle, width
59
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 103. Plain strain friction angle Keywords: plain strain, triaxial test
104. Punching failure Keywords: loose sand, loose silt, friction angle, cohesion
105. Bearing capacity of footing in sand Keywords: effective overburden pressure, ground water, N-factor
60
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 106. Bearing capacity of footing in sand (layered soil) Keywords: footing, soil layer, density, depth, width
107. Footing in excavation Keywords: depth, boundary
61
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 108. Effect of hydraulic gradient on bearing capacity Keywords: flow line, equipotential line
109. Effect of adjacent footing in slope Keywords: failure surface, log spiral failure surface, slope
62
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 110. Log spiral Keywords: friction angle
111. Bearing capacity of footing (log spiral) Keywords: log spiral, shear strength
63
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 112. Effect of horizontal load on bearing capacity Keywords: vertical load, horizontal load, failure surface
113. Equivalent area of surface footing Keywords: length, width, round, triangular, eccentricity
64
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 114. Total stress analysis of foundation in clay Keywords: undrained shear strength, vertical load, horizontal surface, bearing capacity
115. Effect of soil layer on bearing capacity of footing in clay Keywords: vertical plane, horizontal plane, isotropic, circular failure surface, depth, width
65
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 116. Effect of overburden pressure on bearing capacity in clay Keywords: total overburden pressure, allowable load, ultimate load, depth
117. Pressure distribution below footing in clay and sand Keywords: ultimate bearing capacity, elastic theory, design load,
66
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations
118. Pull out resistance of shallow footing Keywords: depth, friction angle, shape factor, density, weight
119. Pull out resistance of footing at depth Keywords: shape factor, friction angle, depth, weight
67
Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 120. Bearing capacity on rock Keywords: unconfined compressive strength, steel point, pile, allowable load, ultimate load
68
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements
Chapter 5. Foundation settlements Page 121. Settlements of foundations Keywords: cracks, tower of Pisa
72
122. Stress distribution below point load Keywords: stress increase, Boussinesq, pressure bulb, equal stress increase
72
123. Stress below strip load Keywords: distance, depth, diameter, stress increase, load
73
124. Influence chart Keywords: Influence value, squares, load
73
125. 2:1 - method Keywords: surface load, stress distribution, width, depth
74
126. 2:1 - method at corner of footing Keywords: depth, stress increase, loaded area, length, width
74
127. Settlement below footing Keywords: clay, silt, sand, immediate settlement, primary settlement, secondary settlement, first loading, cyclic loading
75
128. Settlements in clay and silt Keywords: normally consolidated, overconsolidated, primary settlement, secondary settlement, total settlement, modulus, pressuremeter, oedometer, elastic method, undrained shear strength
75
129. Settlements in sand Keywords: first loading, cyclic loading, compression modulus, coefficient of subgrade reaction, SPT, CPT, WST, triaxial test, plate load test
76
130. Immediate settlements in clay Keywords: theory of elasticity, correction factor for depth, Poisson's ratio, influence factor, modulus of elasticity
76
131. Correction factor for foundation depth Keywords: Poisson's ratio, width, depth,
77
132. Determination of compression index Keywords: void ratio, effective stress, compression index, liquid limit, stress increase
77
133. Determination of settlements from compression test Keywords: preconsolidation pressure, effective stress, corrected curve, applied pressure, void ratio, settlement, load scale
78
134. Principle of settlement calculation Keywords: primary settlement, void ratio, water content
78
135. Settlement below footing Keywords: effective stress, applied stress, ground water, void ratio
79
136. Determination of precosolidation pressure Keywords: preconsolidation stress, effective stress, void ratio
79
137. Determination of coefficient of consolidation (logarithmic) Keywords: consolidation curve, time, logarithmic, primary consolidation, secondary consolidation, coefficient of consolidation, dial reading
80
69
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements
138. Coefficient of consolidation (square root) Keywords: time, settlement, coefficient of consolidation
80
139. Secondary consolidation Keywords: time, void ratio,
81
140. Effect of surface fill on stress distribution Keywords: compression modulus, pore water pressure, total stress, effective stress, stress increase, time, ground water, fill, compression modulus, sand, clay, settlement
81
141. Estimate of modulus of elasticity in clay Keywords: clay, undrained shear strength, normally consolidated, overconsolidated
82
142. Soil modulus from cone penetration test (CPT) Keywords: sand, clay, Bowles
82
143. Determination of modulus from plate load test Keywords: settlement, elastic range, coefficient of subgrade reaction, load
82
144. Estimate of settlements below footing on sand Keywords: pressure bulb, modulus of elasticity, sand, clay, load
83
145. Settlements of footing on clay Keywords: width, settlement
83
146. Effect of plate diameter on bearing capacity of plate on sand Keywords: width, settlements, sand
84
147. Estimate of modulus of elasticity from Standard penetration test (SPT) Keywords: sand, clay, SPT, N-value
84
148. Estimate of modulus of elasticity from cone penetration test (CPT Keywords: sand,
85
149. Estimate of modulus of elasticity in clay from Standard penetration test (SPT) and undrained shear strength Keywords: clay, modulus of elasticity, N-value
85
150. Allowable footing pressure based on SPT N-values Keywords: bearing capacity, settlements, blow count, N-value
86
151. Settlements of footing on sand from cone penetration test, CPT Keywords: footing, raft, allowable pressure, cone resistance
86
152. Allowable settlement below building Keywords: crack, differential settlement, sewer line
877
153. Damage due to foundation settlements Keywords: clay, sand, ground water, flexural cracks, shear cracks, total settlements, differential settlements
87
154. Floating foundation Keywords: compensated foundation, building weight, fill, settlement
88
155. Effect of ground water lowering from tunnel on building settlements Keywords: ground water level, clay, sand, tunnel
88
156. Effect of trees on ground water near building Keywords: settlements, distance to building, tree height
89
157. Differential settlements between adjacent buildings Keywords: settlement, soft clay, crack
89
70
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements
158. Negative skin friction due to ground water lowering Keywords: pile, cracks, settlements, ground water level
90
159. Swelling potential of soil below building Keywords: heave, swelling potential, seasonal variation, ground water, sewer line, leaks, watering, plasticity index, liquid limit, shrinkage limit
90
160. Effect of pile installation on adjacent building Keywords: clay, sand, pile, area of influence, heave, settlement
91
161. Allowable differential settlements below structure Keywords: rotation, differential settlements, USSR code, structure type, distance between footings
91
71
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements
Chapter 5. Foundation settlements 121. Settlements of foundations Keywords: cracks, tower of Pisa
122. Stress distribution below point load Keywords: stress increase, Boussinesq, pressure bulb, equal stress increase
72
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 123. Stress below strip load Keywords: distance, depth, diameter, stress increase, load
124. Influence chart Keywords: Influence value, squares, load
73
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 125. 2:1 - method Keywords: surface load, stress distribution, width, depth
126. 2:1 - method at corner of footing Keywords: depth, stress increase, loaded area, length, width
74
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 127. Settlement below footing Keywords: clay, silt, sand, immediate settlement, primary settlement, secondary settlement, first loading, cyclic loading
128. Settlements in clay and silt Keywords: normally consolidated, overconsolidated, primary settlement, secondary settlement, total settlement, modulus, pressuremeter, oedometer, elastic method, undrained shear strength
75
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 129. Settlements in sand Keywords: first loading, cyclic loading, compression modulus, coefficient of subgrade reaction, SPT, CPT, WST, triaxial test, plate load test
130. Immediate settlements in clay Keywords: theory of elasticity, correction factor for depth, Poisson's ratio, influence factor, modulus of elasticity
76
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 131. Correction factor for foundation depth Keywords: Poisson's ratio, width, depth,
132. Determination of compression index Keywords: void ratio, effective stress, compression index, liquid limit, stress increase
77
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 133. Determination of settlements from compression test Keywords: preconsolidation pressure, effective stress, corrected curve, applied pressure, void ratio, settlement, load scale
134. Principle of settlement calculation Keywords: primary settlement, void ratio, water content
78
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 135. Settlement below footing Keywords: effective stress, applied stress, ground water, void ratio
136. Determination of precosolidation pressure Keywords: preconsolidation stress, effective stress, void ratio
79
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 137. Determination of coefficient of consolidation (logarithmic) Keywords: consolidation curve, time, logarithmic, primary consolidation, secondary consolidation, coefficient of consolidation, dial reading
138. Coefficient of consolidation (square root) Keywords: time, settlement, coefficient of consolidation
80
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 139. Secondary consolidation Keywords: time, void ratio,
140. Effect of surface fill on stress distribution Keywords: compression modulus, pore water pressure, total stress, effective stress, stress increase, time, ground water, fill, compression modulus, sand, clay, settlement
81
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 141. Estimate of modulus of elasticity in clay Keywords: clay, undrained shear strength, normally consolidated, overconsolidated
142. Soil modulus from cone penetration test (CPT) Keywords: sand, clay, Bowles
143. Determination of modulus from plate load test Keywords: settlement, elastic range, coefficient of subgrade reaction, load
82
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 144. Estimate of settlements below footing on sand Keywords: pressure bulb, modulus of elasticity, sand, clay, load
145. Settlements of footing on clay Keywords: width, settlement
83
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 146. Effect of plate diameter on bearing capacity of plate on sand Keywords: width, settlements, sand
147. Estimate of modulus of elasticity from Standard penetration test (SPT) Keywords: sand, clay, SPT, N-value
84
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 148. Estimate of modulus of elasticity from cone penetration test (CPT Keywords: sand,
149. Estimate of modulus of elasticity in clay from Standard penetration test (SPT) and undrained shear strength Keywords: clay, modulus of elasticity, N-value
85
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 150. Allowable footing pressure based on SPT N-values Keywords: bearing capacity, settlements, blow count, N-value
151. Settlements of footing on sand from cone penetration test, CPT Keywords: footing, raft, allowable pressure, cone resistance
86
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 152. Allowable settlement below building Keywords: crack, differential settlement, sewer line
153. Damage due to foundation settlements Keywords: clay, sand, ground water, flexural cracks, shear cracks, total settlements, differential settlements
87
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 154. Floating foundation Keywords: compensated foundation, building weight, fill, settlement
155. Effect of ground water lowering from tunnel on building settlements
Keywords: ground water level, clay, sand, tunnel
88
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 156. Effect of trees on ground water near building Keywords: settlements, distance to building, tree height
157. Differential settlements between adjacent buildings Keywords: settlement, soft clay, crack
89
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 158. Negative skin friction due to ground water lowering Keywords: pile, cracks, settlements, ground water level
159. Swelling potential of soil below building Keywords: heave, swelling potential, seasonal variation, ground water, sewer line, leaks, watering, plasticity index, liquid limit, shrinkage limit
90
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 160. Effect of pile installation on adjacent building Keywords: clay, sand, pile, area of influence, heave, settlement
161. Allowable differential settlements below structure Keywords: rotation, differential settlements, USSR code, structure type, distance between footings
91
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements
92
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chap. 6 – Factors to Consider in Foundation Design
Chapter 6. Factors to consider in foundation design
Page
162. Examples of foundation design Keywords: footings, raft, piles
94
163. Design considerations Keywords: seasonal change, frost heave, change of ground water level, internal erosion, piping, adjacent excavation, soil creep, sink holes, vibrations, deterioration of concrete
94
164. Factor of safety of foundation Keywords: increase of safety factor, time, ultimate pressure, minimum
95
165. Determination of factor of safety for different structures Keywords: forces preventing failure, forces initiating failure, moment, dams, fill, retaining wall, sheet pile, braced excavation, footing, mat, raft, uplift, heave, piping
95
166. Factor of safety of slope Keywords: centre of rotation, length of failure surface, resisting moment, initiating moment, resisting force
96
167. Stability of slope in clay Keywords: weight of soil, sliding, slip circle, undrained shear strength
96
168. Factor of safety of slope in clay Keywords: weight of soil, slip circle,
97
169. Probability of failure Keywords: coefficient of variation, mean value, standard deviation, load, strength
97
170. Load combinations Keywords: dead loads, live load, wind load, earthquake load, load factor
98
171. Characteristic load Keywords: load factor, partial factor of safety, shear strength, friction angle, cohesion,
98
172. Coefficient of variability Keywords: loads, soil properties, analysis, construction, safety factor, reliability, low, very low, medium, high, very high
99
173. Factor of safety Keywords: coefficient of variability, stability, settlement, stability safety, settlement factor, low, medium, high, very high
99
174. Minimum load factors and partial safety factors Keywords: loads, soil strength, dead load, live load, static water pressure, environmental load, cohesion, friction,
100
175. Effect of adjacent structures Keywords: stress increase, settlement, new, old, lateral earth pressure
100
176. Effect of excavation Keywords: stability, excavation
100
93
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chap. 6 – Factors to Consider in Foundation Design
Chapter 6. Factors to consider in foundation design
162. Examples of foundation design Keywords: footings, raft, piles
163. Design considerations Keywords: seasonal change, frost heave, change of ground water level, internal erosion, piping, adjacent excavation, soil creep, sink holes, vibrations, deterioration of concrete
94
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chap. 6 – Factors to Consider in Foundation Design
164. Factor of safety of foundation Keywords: increase of safety factor, time, ultimate pressure, minimum
165. Determination of factor of safety for different structures Keywords: forces preventing failure, forces initiating failure, moment, dams, fill, retaining wall, sheet pile, braced excavation, footing, mat, raft, uplift, heave, piping
95
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chap. 6 – Factors to Consider in Foundation Design 166. Factor of safety of slope Keywords: centre of rotation, length of failure surface, resisting moment, initiating moment, resisting force
167. Stability of slope in clay Keywords: weight of soil, sliding, slip circle, undrained shear strength
96
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chap. 6 – Factors to Consider in Foundation Design
168. Factor of safety of slope in clay Keywords: weight of soil, slip circle,
169. Probability of failure Keywords: coefficient of variation, mean value, standard deviation, load, strength
97
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chap. 6 – Factors to Consider in Foundation Design 170. Load combinations Keywords: dead loads, live load, wind load, earthquake load, load factor
171. Characteristic load Keywords: load factor, partial factor of safety, shear strength, friction angle, cohesion,
98
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chap. 6 – Factors to Consider in Foundation Design
172. Coefficient of variability Keywords: loads, soil properties, analysis, construction, safety factor, reliability, low, very low, medium, high, very high
173. Factor of safety Keywords: coefficient of variability, stability, settlement, stability safety, settlement factor, low, medium, high, very high
99
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chap. 6 – Factors to Consider in Foundation Design 174. Minimum load factors and partial safety factors Keywords: loads, soil strength, dead load, live load, static water pressure, environmental load, cohesion, friction,
175. Effect of adjacent structures Keywords: stress increase, settlement, new, old, lateral earth pressure
176. Effect of excavation Keywords: stability, excavation
100
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 7 – Spread Footing Design
Chapter 7. Spread footing design Page 177. Spread footing Keywords: reinforcement, floor slab, soil reaction
102
178. Footing types Keywords: trapezoidal, column, strap, wall, combined, footing with moment
102
179. Design considerations Keywords: compression in concrete, pedestal, punching, cover, tension reinforcement, reinforcement
103
180. Critical section Keywords: reinforcement, masonry, steel, base plate,
103
181. Critical section of footing Keywords: shear force, shear stress,
104
182. Bond stress in footing Keywords: bond stress, reinforcement
104
183. Eccentric force on footings Keywords: eccentricity, footing, moment
105
184. Design of eccentrically loaded footing Keywords: allowable pressure, eccentricity, width,, moment
105
185. Eccentrically loaded footing Keywords: stress, allowable pressure
106
186. Drainage of footings Keywords: drain
106
101
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 7 – Spread Footing Design
Chapter 7. Spread footing design 177. Spread footing Keywords: reinforcement, floor slab, soil reaction
178. Footing types Keywords: trapezoidal, column, strap, wall, combined, footing with moment
102
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 7 – Spread Footing Design 179. Design considerations Keywords: compression in concrete, pedestal, punching, cover, tension reinforcement, reinforcement
180. Critical section Keywords: reinforcement, masonry, steel, base plate,
103
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 7 – Spread Footing Design 181. Critical section of footing Keywords: shear force, shear stress,
182. Bond stress in footing Keywords: bond stress, reinforcement
104
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 7 – Spread Footing Design 183. Eccentric force on footings Keywords: eccentricity, footing, moment
184. Design of eccentrically loaded footing Keywords: allowable pressure, eccentricity, width,, moment
105
Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 7 – Spread Footing Design 185. Eccentrically loaded footing Keywords: stress, allowable pressure
186. Drainage of footings Keywords: drain
106
B. Broms – Foundations – Chap. 8 – Special Footings & Beams Elastic Foundations
Chapter 8. Special footings and beams on elastic foundations
Page
187. Special footings and beams on elastic foundations Keywords: beam, strap, moment, eccentricity
108
188. Combined footing Keywords: elevation, plan
108
189. Load distribution on footing Keywords: concentrated load, moment distribution, shear stress distribution, pressure
109
190. Winkler foundation Keywords: spring, elastic, soil reaction, coefficient of subgrade reaction, actual, load, deflection, settlement
109
191. Coefficient of subgrade reaction Keywords: elastic spring, elastic range, settlement, unloading, load
110
192. Classical design solution Keywords: deflection, moment, shear force
110
193. Elastic deflection of beam Keywords: solutions, shear force, moment, slope, deflection
111
194. Effect of foundation width on footing settlement Keywords: solutions, clay, sand, deformation,
111
107
B. Broms – Foundations – Chap. 8 – Special Footings & Beams Elastic Foundations
Chapter 8. Special footings and beams on elastic foundations 187. Special footings and beams on elastic foundations Keywords: beam, strap, moment, eccentricity
188. Combined footing Keywords: elevation, plan
108
B. Broms – Foundations – Chap. 8 – Special Footings & Beams Elastic Foundations 189. Load distribution on footing Keywords: concentrated load, moment distribution, shear stress distribution, pressure
190. Winkler foundation Keywords: spring, elastic, soil reaction, coefficient of subgrade reaction, actual, load, deflection, settlement
109
B. Broms – Foundations – Chap. 8 – Special Footings & Beams Elastic Foundations 191. Coefficient of subgrade reaction Keywords: elastic spring, elastic range, settlement, unloading, load
192. Classical design solution Keywords: deflection, moment, shear force
110
B. Broms – Foundations – Chap. 8 – Special Footings & Beams Elastic Foundations 193. Elastic deflection of beam Keywords: solutions, shear force, moment, slope, deflection
194. Effect of foundation width on footing settlement Keywords: solutions, clay, sand, deformation,
111
B. Broms – Foundations – Chap. 8 – Special Footings & Beams Elastic Foundations
112
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 9 – Mat Foundations
Chapter 9. Mat foundations Page
195. Mat foundations Keywords: examples, loads
114
196. Waffle structure Keywords: ribs
114
197. Finite difference method Keywords: computer programme, uncertainties, coefficient of subgrade reaction, modulus of elasticity,
115
198. Design of building foundation Keywords: span, wall, strip, span length, exterior spans, interior spans
115
199. Grain elevator foundation Keywords: clay, allowable pressure, factor of safety, total overburden pressure
116
200. Floating foundation Keywords: building weight, soil weight, depth of excavation, story,
116
201. Floating building foundation Keywords: excavation, net pressure
117
202. Differential settlements due to ground water lowering Keywords: clay, ground water lowering
117
203. Stability of deep excavations Keywords: heave, anchor, sheet pile
118
204. Effect of pile installation adjacent to excavation Keywords: excavation, embankment piles
118
205. Support of excavation against heave Keywords: fill
119
206. Anchor pile in excavation Keywords: water-filled excavation
119
113
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 9 – Mat Foundations
Chapter 9. Mat foundations 195. Mat foundations Keywords: examples, loads
196. Waffle structure Keywords: ribs
114
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 9 – Mat Foundations
197. Finite difference method Keywords: computer programme, uncertainties, coefficient of subgrade reaction, modulus of elasticity,
198. Design of building foundation Keywords: span, wall, strip, span length, exterior spans, interior spans
115
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 9 – Mat Foundations 199. Grain elevator foundation Keywords: clay, allowable pressure, factor of safety, total overburden pressure
200. Floating foundation Keywords: building weight, soil weight, depth of excavation, story,
116
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 9 – Mat Foundations
201. Floating building foundation Keywords: excavation, net pressure
202. Differential settlements due to ground water lowering Keywords: clay, ground water lowering
117
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 9 – Mat Foundations 203. Stability of deep excavations Keywords: heave, anchor, sheet pile
204. Effect of pile installation adjacent to excavation Keywords: excavation, embankment piles
118
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 9 – Mat Foundations
5. Support of excavation against heave Keywords: fill
206. Anchor pile in excavation Keywords: water-filled excavation
119
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 9 – Mat Foundations
120
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure
Chapter 10. Lateral earth pressure Page 207. Lateral earth pressure Keywords: retaining wall, sheet pile wall
123
208. Influence of displacement on lateral earth pressure Keywords: active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, lateral earth pressure at rest, away from fill, against fill
123
209. Active earth pressure (Rankine) Keywords: coefficient of active earth pressure, shear stress, normal pressure, depth of excavation, Mohr circle
124
210. Distribution of active earth pressure Keywords: Rankine, Mohr circle, cohesion, depth
124
211. Active earth pressure (Coulomb) Keywords: wedge
125
212. Influence of two point loads on soil pressure Keywords: displacement, Boussinesq, rigid smooth wall
125
213. Stress distribution below surface load Keywords: Influence value, 0.005, number of squares, Poisson's ratio
126
214. Effect of compaction on earth pressure Keywords: bridge abutment, deep basement, lateral earth pressure
126
215. Effect of vibratory roller Keywords: passive pressure, at rest pressure, active pressure, dynamic soil pressure
127
216. Distribution of soil pressure after compaction Keywords: initial, compaction, stress increase, active at rest, passive at rest
127
217. Compaction of soil layers Keywords: compactor, first layer, second layer, depth, passive at rest
128
218. Earth pressure distribution at rigid wall due to compaction Keywords: depth, lateral earth pressure, increase, compaction, without compaction, rigid wall
128
219. Examples of retaining structures Keywords: gravity wall, cantilever wall, counterfort wall
129
220. Crib wall Keywords: stretcher, header, cells, soil
129
221. Gravity wall and Cantilever wall Keywords: height
130
222. Failure modes Keywords: mechanisms, bearing capacity, overturning, sliding, general failure, centre of rotation
130
223. Design of retaining structure for bearing capacity Keywords: eccentric load, inclined load, design
131
224. Bearing capacity of retaining wall Keywords: wall, inclined
131
225. Design of retaining wall for inclined load Keywords: eccentricity 132
121
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure
226. Inclined wall Keywords: force
132
227. Overturning of retaining wall Keywords: point of overturning, resisting moment, driving moment
133
228. Design of wall against sliding Keywords: resisting force, driving force, sand, clay
133
229. Shear keys in sliding wall Keywords: shear key, alternative location
134
230. General stability of retaining wall Keywords: driving moment, resisting moment, failure surface
134
231. Reinforcement in retaining wall Keywords: moment, reinforcement
135
232. Location of reinforcement Keywords: moment distribution
135
233. Tilting of retaining structure Keywords: bridge abutment, design, actual pressure, yielding
136
234. Counterfort walls Keywords: elevation
136
235. Drainage of wall Keywords: drain, pore water pressure, slip surface
137
236. Drainage of retaining structure Keywords: drain, slip surface, pore pressure distribution
137
237. Drainage of retaining structure Keywords: failure surface, drainage layer, pore water pressure
137
238. Reinforced earth, type Vidal Keywords: metal strip
138
239. Reinforce earth wall Keywords: metal strip, spacing, star-shaped element, stress distribution, actual failure surface
138
240. Required length of earth reinforcement Keywords: earth pressure, length, failure surface
139
241. Bearing capacity failure of retaining structure Keywords: base failure
139
242. Fabric reinforced wall Keywords: precast concrete element, fabric, soil
140
243. Fabric reinforced wall Keywords: reinforcement
140
244. Examples of fabric reinforced wall Keywords: failure surface, fabric
141
245. Design of fabric reinforced wall Keywords: failure surface, length
141
122
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure
Chapter 10. Lateral earth pressure 207. Lateral earth pressure Keywords: retaining wall, sheet pile wall
208. Influence of displacement on lateral earth pressure Keywords: active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, lateral earth pressure at rest, away from fill, against fill
123
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 209. Active earth pressure (Rankine) Keywords: coefficient of active earth pressure, shear stress, normal pressure, depth of excavation, Mohr circle
210. Distribution of active earth pressure Keywords: Rankine, Mohr circle, cohesion, depth
124
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 211. Active earth pressure (Coulomb) Keywords: wedge
212. Influence of two point loads on soil pressure Keywords: displacement, Boussinesq, rigid smooth wall
125
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 213. Stress distribution below surface load Keywords: Influence value, 0.005, number of squares, Poisson's ratio
214. Effect of compaction on earth pressure Keywords: bridge abutment, deep basement, lateral earth pressure
126
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 215. Effect of vibratory roller Keywords: passive pressure, at rest pressure, active pressure, dynamic soil pressure
216. Distribution of soil pressure after compaction Keywords: initial, compaction, stress increase, active at rest, passive at rest
127
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 217. Compaction of soil layers Keywords: compactor, first layer, second layer, depth, passive at rest
218. Earth pressure distribution at rigid wall due to compaction Keywords: depth, lateral earth pressure, increase, compaction, without compaction, rigid wall
128
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 219. Examples of retaining structures Keywords: gravity wall, cantilever wall, counterfort wall
220. Crib wall Keywords: stretcher, header, cells, soil
129
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 221. Gravity wall and Cantilever wall Keywords: height
222. Failure modes Keywords: mechanisms, bearing capacity, overturning, sliding, general failure, centre of rotation
130
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 223. Design of retaining structure for bearing capacity Keywords: eccentric load, inclined load, design
224. Bearing capacity of retaining wall Keywords: wall, inclined
131
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 225. Design of retaining wall for inclined load Keywords: eccentricity
226. Inclined wall Keywords: force
132
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 227. Overturning of retaining wall Keywords: point of overturning, resisting moment, driving moment
228. Design of wall against sliding Keywords: resisting force, driving force, sand, clay
133
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 229. Shear keys in sliding wall Keywords: shear key, alternative location
230. General stability of retaining wall Keywords: driving moment, resisting moment, failure surface
134
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 231. Reinforcement in retaining wall Keywords: moment, reinforcement
232. Location of reinforcement Keywords: moment distribution
135
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 233. Tilting of retaining structure Keywords: bridge abutment, design, actual pressure, yielding
234. Counterfort walls Keywords: elevation
136
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 235. Drainage of wall Keywords: drain, pore water pressure, slip surface
236. Drainage of retaining structure Keywords: drain, slip surface, pore pressure distribution
237. Drainage of retaining structure Keywords: failure surface, drainage layer, pore water pressure
137
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 238. Reinforced earth, type Vidal Keywords: metal strip
239. Reinforce earth wall Keywords: metal strip, spacing, star-shaped element, stress distribution, actual failure surface
138
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 240. Required length of earth reinforcement Keywords: earth pressure, length, failure surface
241. Bearing capacity failure of retaining structure Keywords: base failure
139
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 242. Fabric reinforced wall Keywords: precast concrete element, fabric, soil
243. Fabric reinforced wall Keywords: reinforcement
140
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 244. Examples of fabric reinforced wall Keywords: failure surface, fabric
245. Design of fabric reinforced wall Keywords: failure surface, length
141
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure
142
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures
Chapter 11. Soil retaining structures
Page
246. Support systems Keywords: anchored wall, strutted wall, cantilever wall, sheet pile, strut, wale beam, ground anchor
146
247. Wood elements Keywords: groove, spline, tongue, driving sequence
146
248. Concrete elements Keywords: heavy, difficult, grouted, driving
147
249. Steel sheet piles Keywords: light, difficult to drive
147
250. Sheet piles details Keywords: anchor rod, lagging, wedge, wale beam, soldier beam
148
251. Details of wall construction Keywords: poling boards, soldier beams (King post), strap, clip, welded studs, washers, soldier beam placed in predrilled borehole
148
252. Bored pile wall Keywords: wale beam, ground anchor
149
253. Berliner wall Keywords: soldier pile, precast element, ground anchor, shotcrete, rail, wire mesh
149
254. Factor of safety of retaining wall Keywords: active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, factor of safety, water pressure, friction angle,
150
255. Cantilever sheet pile wall Keywords: flow line, equipotential line, water pressure, net water pressure
150
256. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, friction soil Keywords: uplift, dragdown, gradient, water pressure, Rankine
151
257. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, cohesive soil Keywords: undrained shear strength, cohesion, net pressure, active earth pressure, Rankine, actual, assumed, water pressure
151
258. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, factor of safety Keywords: clay, depth, factor of safety, cohesion, depth
152
259. Design of sheet pile walls Keywords: wale beam, anchor rod, sheet pile
152
260. Failure mechanisms Keywords: plastic hinge, rotation
153
261. Anchored sheet pile wall (Free earth support) Keywords: center of rotation, surface load, resisting moment, driving moment, depth, earth pressure, net pressure, overburden pressure
153
262. Earth pressure distribution in cohesive soil with wall friction Keywords: adhesion, wall friction, depth, cohesion, vertical pressure, surface load
154
263. Critical height of sheet pile wall in clay Keywords: no wall friction, with wall friction, stability factor, unstable, stable, undrained
154
143
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures undrained shear strength,
264. Earth pressure distribution along sheet pile wall Keywords: passive earth pressure, active earth pressure, sand, clay, surface pressure
155
265. Moment distribution in sheet pile wall Keywords: distributed load, moment, distributed load, shear distribution, surface load
155
266. Anchored or braced sheet pile wall Keywords: flexible, stiff, assumed, deflection, earth pressure distribution, moment distribution, anchor
156
267. Moment reduction in sheet pile wall Keywords: anchor, moment, reduced load
156
268. Deflection of sheet pile wall Keywords: stiffness, height
157
269. Moment as function of sheet pile height Keywords: dense sand, loose sand, moment
157
270. Anchor systems Keywords: soil anchor, rock anchor, concrete slab, piles, short sheet pile, inclination
158
271. Anchor piles Keywords: piles, pull out resistance
158
272. Design aspects of anchor plate Keywords: anchor plate, passive earth pressure, anchor force, active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, critical failure surface, anchor depth
159
273. Critical depth of anchor plate in sand Keywords: friction angle, depth, passive earth pressure
159
274. Critical depth of anchor plate in clay Keywords: undrained shear strength, critical depth
160
275. Pull out resistance of anchor plate in clay Keywords: depth,
160
276. Settlement behind sheet pile wall Keywords: anchor force, settlement, inclination
160
277. Strutted wall Keywords: soil anchor, passive resistance, wedge, horizontal anchor
161
278. Anchored wall Keywords: soil anchor, inclined anchor, failure wedge,
161
279. General stability of anchored wall Keywords: failure surface, failure surface, factor of safety, active earth pressure, passive earth pressure
161
280. Load distribution between soil anchors Keywords: Manfred Panel C1, Bergshamra Panel A, load, arching
162
281. Force redistribution in soil wedge Keywords: failure surface
162
282. Braced excavations Keywords: settlement, strut, wale beam
163
144
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures
283. Earth pressure distributions (design) Keywords: earth pressure distribution, sand, soft clay, stiff fissured clay, depth, undrained shear strength, struts
163
284. Strut forces Keywords: hinge
164
285. Strut forces in adjacent excavations Keywords: tensile crack, first strut, second strut, undrained shear strength, failure surface
164
286. Water flow into excavation in sand Keywords: flow line, ground water, quick condition, critical gradient, depth of excavation
164
287. Bottom heave in excavation Keywords: sand, clay, adhesion, ground water, struts critical depth
165
288. Bottom heave in excavation in clay Keywords: stability factor, struts, depth, width
165
289. Bottom heave in excavation in clay, effect of wall adhesion Keywords: stability factor, adhesion
166
290. Settlement adjacent to strutted excavation Keywords: struts, settlements, ground water level, base heave, stability, lateral displacement, workmanship
166
291. Estimate of settlement adjacent to excavation Keywords: ground loss, distance, maximum depth of excavation, sand, clay, settlement, very soft clay, stability factor, A, B, C
167
292. Bored pile wall with soil anchors Keywords: shotcrete, soil anchor, soft clay, undrained shear strength, bored pile, ground anchor
167
293. Slurry walls or diaphragm walls Keywords: wall panel, ground anchor
168
294. Slurry wall construction Keywords: grab, bentonite slurry, reinforcement cage, steel tube, excavation, placement of steel tube, placement of reinforcement, concreting
168
295. Stability of slots Keywords: soil wedge
169
296. Bentonite slurry Keywords: oil well drilling, soil borings, bentonite clay, montmorillonite, barite, barium sulphate, slurry density
169
297. Stability of slurry excavation Keywords: ground beams, bentonite slurry, filter skin, density of slurry, failure wedge
170
298. Maximum depth of slurry excavation Keywords: layer of stones or gravel, viscosity, tixotrophy, filter skin, undrained shear strength, active earth pressure, ground water level
170
299. Concreting of slurry excavation Keywords: soft clay, critical depth, undrained shear strength, density, tremmie pipe
171
300. Deformation of concrete wall Keywords: active earth pressure, at rest pressure, Winkler foundation, load redistribution, deformation, soil anchor
171
145
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures
Chapter 11. Soil retaining structures 246. Support systems Keywords: anchored wall, strutted wall, cantilever wall, sheet pile, strut, wale beam, ground anchor
247. Wood elements Keywords: groove, spline, tongue, driving sequence
146
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 248. Concrete elements Keywords: heavy, difficult, grouted, driving
249. Steel sheet piles Keywords: light, difficult to drive
147
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 250. Sheet piles details Keywords: anchor rod, lagging, wedge, wale beam, soldier beam
251. Details of wall construction Keywords: poling boards, soldier beams (King post), strap, clip, welded studs, washers, soldier beam placed in predrilled borehole
148
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 252. Bored pile wall Keywords: wale beam, ground anchor
253. Berliner wall Keywords: soldier pile, precast element, ground anchor, shotcrete, rail, wire mesh
149
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 254. Factor of safety of retaining wall Keywords: active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, factor of safety, water pressure, friction angle,
255. Cantilever sheet pile wall Keywords: flow line, equipotential line, water pressure, net water pressure
150
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 256. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, friction soil Keywords: uplift, dragdown, gradient, water pressure, Rankine
257. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, cohesive soil Keywords: undrained shear strength, cohesion, net pressure, active earth pressure, Rankine, actual, assumed, water pressure
151
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 258. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, factor of safety Keywords: clay, depth, factor of safety, cohesion, depth
259. Design of sheet pile walls Keywords: wale beam, anchor rod, sheet pile
152
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 260. Failure mechanisms Keywords: plastic hinge, rotation
261. Anchored sheet pile wall (Free earth support) Keywords: center of rotation, surface load, resisting moment, driving moment, depth, earth pressure, net pressure, overburden pressure
153
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 262. Earth pressure distribution in cohesive soil with wall friction Keywords: adhesion, wall friction, depth, cohesion, vertical pressure, surface load
263. Critical height of sheet pile wall in clay Keywords: no wall friction, with wall friction, stability factor, unstable, stable, undrained shear strength,
154
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 264. Earth pressure distribution along sheet pile wall Keywords: passive earth pressure, active earth pressure, sand, clay, surface pressure
265. Moment distribution in sheet pile wall Keywords: distributed load, moment, distributed load, shear distribution, surface load
155
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 266. Anchored or braced sheet pile wall Keywords: flexible, stiff, assumed, deflection, earth pressure distribution, moment distribution, anchor
267. Moment reduction in sheet pile wall Keywords: anchor, moment, reduced load
156
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 268. Deflection of sheet pile wall Keywords: stiffness, height
269. Moment as function of sheet pile height Keywords: dense sand, loose sand, moment
157
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 270. Anchor systems Keywords: soil anchor, rock anchor, concrete slab, piles, short sheet pile, inclination
271. Anchor piles Keywords: piles, pull out resistance
158
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 272. Design aspects of anchor plate Keywords: anchor plate, passive earth pressure, anchor force, active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, critical failure surface, anchor depth
273. Critical depth of anchor plate in sand Keywords: friction angle, depth, passive earth pressure
159
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 274. Critical depth of anchor plate in clay Keywords: undrained shear strength, critical depth
275. Pull out resistance of anchor plate in clay Keywords: depth,
276. Settlement behind sheet pile wall Keywords: anchor force, settlement, inclination
160
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 277. Strutted wall Keywords: soil anchor, passive resistance, wedge, horizontal anchor
278. Anchored wall Keywords: soil anchor, inclined anchor, failure wedge,
279. General stability of anchored wall Keywords: failure surface, failure surface, factor of safety, active earth pressure, passive earth pressure
161
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 280. Load distribution between soil anchors Keywords: Manfred Panel C1, Bergshamra Panel A, load, arching
281. Force redistribution in soil wedge Keywords: failure surface
162
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 282. Braced excavations Keywords: settlement, strut, wale beam
283. Earth pressure distributions (design) Keywords: earth pressure distribution, sand, soft clay, stiff fissured clay, depth, undrained shear strength, struts
163
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 284. Strut forces Keywords: hinge
285. Strut forces in adjacent excavations Keywords: tensile crack, first strut, second strut, undrained shear strength, failure surface
286. Water flow into excavation in sand Keywords: flow line, ground water, quick condition, critical gradient, depth of excavation
164
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 287. Bottom heave in excavation Keywords: sand, clay, adhesion, ground water, struts critical depth
288. Bottom heave in excavation in clay Keywords: stability factor, struts, depth, width
165
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 289. Bottom heave in excavation in clay, effect of wall adhesion Keywords: stability factor, adhesion
290. Settlement adjacent to strutted excavation Keywords: struts, settlements, ground water level, base heave, stability, lateral displacement, workmanship
166
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 291. Estimate of settlement adjacent to excavation Keywords: ground loss, distance, maximum depth of excavation, sand, clay, settlement, very soft clay, stability factor, A, B, C
292. Bored pile wall with soil anchors Keywords: shotcrete, soil anchor, soft clay, undrained shear strength, bored pile, ground anchor
167
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 293. Slurry walls or diaphragm walls Keywords: wall panel, ground anchor
294. Slurry wall construction Keywords: grab, bentonite slurry, reinforcement cage, steel tube, excavation, placement of steel tube, placement of reinforcement, concreting
168
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 295. Stability of slots Keywords: soil wedge
296. Bentonite slurry Keywords: oil well drilling, soil borings, bentonite clay, montmorillonite, barite, barium sulphate, slurry density
169
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 297. Stability of slurry excavation Keywords: ground beams, bentonite slurry, filter skin, density of slurry, failure wedge
298. Maximum depth of slurry excavation Keywords: layer of stones or gravel, viscosity, tixotrophy, filter skin, undrained shear strength, active earth pressure, ground water level
170
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 299. Concreting of slurry excavation Keywords: soft clay, critical depth, undrained shear strength, density, tremmie pipe
300. Deformation of concrete wall Keywords: active earth pressure, at rest pressure, Winkler foundation, load redistribution, deformation, soil anchor
171
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures
172
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles
Chapter 12. Pile foundations - Single piles Page
301. Piles Keywords: pile cap, piles, soft clay, sand, raker pile, batter pile
177
302. Vibrations Keywords: tanks, silos, chimneys, machine foundations, sand, ground water
177
303. Examples of pile foundations Keywords: compaction piles, raked piles, damping of piles, small damping, vibrations
178
304. Stability of bridge abutment Keywords: soft clay, fill, bridge abutment
178
305. Embankment piles Keywords: soft clay, raked piles, bridge abutment, fill
179
306. Anchor piles for dry docks, subway stations Keywords: ground water, up-lift force, anchor piles
179
307. Offshore structures on piles Keywords: cyclic loading, scour, compression, steel pipe piles, tension force
180
308. Stabilisation of slope by piles Keywords: slope stability, large diameter pile, steel pipe pile, failure surface
180
309. Design of embankment piles Keywords: failure surface, clay, precast piles,
181
310. Anchor piles in swelling soil Keywords: seasonal changes, swelling clay, montmorillonite, high liquid limit, high plasticity index, building
181
311. Examples of pile types Keywords: driven piles, bored piles, jacked-down piles, screw piles, hydraulic jack
182
312. Piles foundations Keywords: concrete pile, steel pile, timber, H pile
182
313. Pile types Keywords: large displacement piles, small displacement piles, non-displacement piles, bored piles, precast piles, pipe piles, cased, uncased
183
314. Loading conditions of piles Keywords: compression, lateral load, tension
183
315. Load transfer to piles Keywords: friction or floating piles, end bearing piles, clay, sand, rock
184
316. Timber piles Keywords: advantages, difficulties, limit bearing capacity, soft clay, tip, shaft, ground water, butt
184
317. Pile splices Keywords: steel sleeve, steel strap
185
318. Splices and rock points Keywords: rock point,
185
173
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile
319. Precast concrete piles Keywords: point, concrete, reinforcement. pile diameter
186
320. Lifting of piles Keywords: pile length, lifting hooks, moment
186
321. Prestressed concrete piles Keywords: height strength concrete, brittle, reduced cracking, reduced ductility
187
322. Concrete strength (CP 2004) Keywords: cube strength, hard driving, normal to easy driving, high capacity, reduced weight, easy driving
187
323. Installation of jacked-down piles Keywords: pump, manometer, steel insert, hydraulic jack, pile segment
188
324. Bored piles Keywords: auger, reinforcement, tremmie pipe, concreting
188
325. Examples of bored piles Keywords: bored piles, drilling of shaft, drilling of bell, concrete, stiff clay, reinforcement
189
326. Bored piles with bell Keywords: bells
189
327. Cast-in-place piles Keywords: casing, driving, casing filled with water, casing filled with concrete, reinforcement
190
328. Necking during casting of pile shaft in soft clay Keywords: casing, soft clay, sand or silt, ground water
190
329. Slurry trench wall construction Keywords: ground water, surface casing, bentonite slurry, chisel, pouring of concrete, lowering of reinforcement element
191
330. Shapes of slurry trench pile elements Keywords: size
191
331. Raymond step tapered pile Keywords: steel shell, steel cone, light bulb, reinforcement cage, casting of concrete
192
332. Franki pile Keywords: concrete plug, bulb, internal hammer, prefabricated shaft, light casing
192
333. Steel H-pile Keywords: easy to drive, easy to cut, corrosion, expensive, splicing, soil plug, driving shoe, steel plate
193
334. Steel pipe piles Keywords: diameter, closed or open ended, soil plug, diameter
193
335. Corrosion Keywords: steel piles, concrete piles, National Bureau of Standards, splices, reinforcement, salt water
194
336. Settlement around during driving in sand Keywords: settlement, diameter, compaction within this zone
194
337. Effect of pile driving in clay Keywords: soft clay, heave, volume, soft clay, remoulded zone, pore water pressure, undrained shear strength
195
174
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles
338. Redriving of piles in clay Keywords: risen piles, redriving, heave, soft clay, separation of splice
195
339. Load distribution along pile Keywords: sand, clay, point resistance, shaft resistance
196
340. Pile load as function of pile displacement Keywords: load, displacement, soft clay, stiff clay, sand, cast in place pile, driven pile, with bell
197
341. Load deformation relationship of piles Keywords: pile load, displacement, point resistance, skin resistance
197
342. Direction of pile loading Keywords: compression, tension, weight of pile, factor of safety, allowable load, point resistance, shaft resistance
198
343. Determination of bearing capacity at pile point Keywords: end bearing, undrained shear strength, bearing capacity factor
198
344. Pile bearing capacity according to Meyerhof Keywords: friction angle, bearing capacity factor
199
345. Bearing capacity factor of piles Keywords: Terzaghi, Berezantsev, Meyerhof, Vesic, Brinch Hansen, de Beer, friction angle
199
346. Failure mechanism at pile point Keywords: point resistance, rigidity index, failure surface, compressibility, rigidity index
200
347. Comparison of cone resistance and pile point resistance Keywords: area of pile, sand
200
348. Comparison of SPTN-value and pile point resistance Keywords: SPT, sand, pile diameter
201
349. Lateral pressure against pile shaft Keywords: bored pile, small displacement pile, large displacement pile, straight shaft, tapered shaft, lateral earth pressure
202
350. Determination of pile capacity in sand Keywords: loose, dense, coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest, small, Vesic, displacement pile, non-displacement pile, tapered pile
202
351. Pile shaft capacity in sand Keywords: pile type, sand, critical depth,
203
352. Lateral pressure against pile shaft Keywords: Mansur & Hunter, Tavenas, Ireland, lateral earth pressure
203
353. Critical depth of pile shaft resistance Keywords: friction angle, bearing capacity value, diameter, length
204
354. Estimate of pile capacity based on Weight sounding test (WST) Keywords: half-turns, timber piles, concrete piles, Norwegian Pile Commission, skin area
204
355. Failure surface at pile point in clay Keywords: failure surface, diameter, area of pile
205
356. Skin friction resistance along pile shaft Keywords: cone penetration test, friction sleeve small displacement pile, large displacement pile
205
175
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile
357. Bearing capacity of piles in clay Keywords: normally consolidated clay, overconsolidated clay, undrained shear strength, reduction , ground surface
206
358. Lambda-method Keywords: offshore structures, depth, mean value, skin resistance
207
359. Estimate of pile skin resistance in clay Keywords: effective overburden pressure, Flaate, Selnes, undrained shear strength
208
360. Load transfer from pile to soil as function of pile displacement Keywords: t-z curves, q-y curve, driven pile, bored pile
209
361. Negative skin friction along piles Keywords: lowering of ground water level, driven pile, bored pile
209
362. Failure modes of horizontally loaded piles Keywords: soil failure, pile failure, failure mechanism
210
363. Lateral pile resistance in sand Keywords: sand, horizontal load, force
210
364. Lateral pile resistance in clay (rotational mode) Keywords: undrained shear strength, heave, passive earth pressure, lateral force, diameter, depth
211
365. Lateral pile resistance in clay (pile failure mode) Keywords: undrained shear strength, diameter, yield, moment, lateral force
211
176
Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles
Chapter 12. Pile foundations - Single piles 301. Piles Keywords: pile cap, piles, soft clay, sand, raker pile, batter pile
302. Vibrations Keywords: tanks, silos, chimneys, machine foundations, sand, ground water
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile
303. Examples of pile foundations Keywords: compaction piles, raked piles, damping of piles, small damping, vibrations
304. Stability of bridge abutment Keywords: soft clay, fill, bridge abutment
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles
305. Embankment piles Keywords: soft clay, raked piles, bridge abutment, fill
306. Anchor piles for dry docks, subway stations Keywords: ground water, up-lift force, anchor piles
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile
307. Offshore structures on piles Keywords: cyclic loading, scour, compression, steel pipe piles, tension force
308. Stabilisation of slope by piles Keywords: slope stability, large diameter pile, steel pipe pile, failure surface
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles
309. Design of embankment piles Keywords: failure surface, clay, precast piles,
310. Anchor piles in swelling soil Keywords: seasonal changes, swelling clay, montmorillonite, high liquid limit, high plasticity index, building
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile
311. Examples of pile types Keywords: driven piles, bored piles, jacked-down piles, screw piles, hydraulic Jack
312. Piles foundations Keywords: concrete pile, steel pile, timber, H pile
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles
313. Pile types Keywords: large displacement piles, small displacement piles, non-displacement piles, bored piles, precast piles, pipe piles, cased, uncased
314. Loading conditions of piles Keywords: compression, lateral load, tension
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile
315. Load transfer to piles Keywords: friction or floating piles, end bearing piles, clay, sand, rock
316. Timber piles Keywords: advantages, difficulties, limit bearing capacity, soft clay, tip, shaft, ground water, butt
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles
317. Pile splices Keywords: steel sleeve, steel strap
318. Splices and rock points Keywords: rock point,
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile
319. Precast concrete piles Keywords: point, concrete, reinforcement. pile diameter
320. Lifting of piles Keywords: pile length, lifting hooks, moment
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles
321. Prestressed concrete piles Keywords: height strength concrete, brittle, reduced cracking, reduced ductility
322. Concrete strength (CP 2004) Keywords: cube strength, hard driving, normal to easy driving, high capacity, reduced weight, easy driving
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile
323. Installation of jacked-down piles Keywords: pump, manometer, steel insert, hydraulic jack, pile segment
324. Bored piles Keywords: auger, reinforcement, tremmie pipe, concreting
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles
325. Examples of bored piles Keywords: bored piles, drilling of shaft, drilling of bell, concrete, stiff clay, reinforcement
326. Bored piles with bell Keywords: bells
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile
327. Cast-in-place piles Keywords: casing, driving, casing filled with water, casing filled with concrete, reinforcement
328. Necking during casting of pile shaft in soft clay Keywords: casing, soft clay, sand or silt, ground water
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles
329. Slurry trench wall construction Keywords: ground water, surface casing, bentonite slurry, chisel, pouring of concrete, lowering of reinforcement element
330. Shapes of slurry trench pile elements Keywords: size
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile
331. Raymond step tapered pile Keywords: steel shell, steel cone, light bulb, reinforcement cage, casting of concrete
332. Franki pile Keywords: concrete plug, bulb, internal hammer, prefabricated shaft, light casing
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles
333. Steel H-pile Keywords: easy to drive, easy to cut, corrosion, expensive, splicing, soil plug, driving shoe, steel plate
334. Steel pipe piles Keywords: diameter, closed or open ended, soil plug, diameter
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile
335. Corrosion Keywords: steel piles, concrete piles, National Bureau of Standards, splices, reinforcement, salt water
336. Settlement around during driving in sand Keywords: settlement, diameter, compaction within this zone
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles
337. Effect of pile driving in clay Keywords: soft clay, heave, volume, soft clay, remoulded zone, pore water pressure, undrained shear strength
338. Redriving of piles in clay Keywords: risen piles, redriving, heave, soft clay, separation of splice
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile
339. Load distribution along pile Keywords: sand, clay, point resistance, shaft resistance
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles
340. Pile load as function of pile displacement Keywords: load, displacement, soft clay, stiff clay, sand, cast in place pile, driven pile, with Bell
341. Load deformation relationship of piles Keywords: pile load, displacement, point resistance, skin resistance
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile
342. Direction of pile loading Keywords: compression, tension, weight of pile, factor of safety, allowable load, point resistance, shaft resistance
343. Determination of bearing capacity at pile point Keywords: end bearing, undrained shear strength, bearing capacity factor
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles
344. Pile bearing capacity according to Meyerhof Keywords: friction angle, bearing capacity factor
345. Bearing capacity factor of piles Keywords: Terzaghi, Berezantsev, Meyerhof, Vesic, Brinch Hansen, de Beer, friction angle
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile
346. Failure mechanism at pile point Keywords: point resistance, rigidity index, failure surface, compressibility, rigidity index
347. Comparison of cone resistance and pile point resistance Keywords: area of pile, sand
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles
348. Comparison of SPTN-value and pile point resistance Keywords: SPT, sand, pile diameter
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile
349. Lateral pressure against pile shaft Keywords: bored pile, small displacement pile, large displacement pile, straight shaft, tapered shaft, lateral earth pressure
350. Determination of pile capacity in sand Keywords: loose, dense, coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest, small, Vesic, displacement pile, non-displacement pile, tapered pile
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles
351. Pile shaft capacity in sand Keywords: pile type, sand, critical depth,
352. Lateral pressure against pile shaft Keywords: Mansur & Hunter, Tavenas, Ireland, lateral earth pressure
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile
353. Critical depth of pile shaft resistance Keywords: friction angle, bearing capacity value, diameter, length
354. Estimate of pile capacity based on Weight sounding test (WST) Keywords: half-turns, timber piles, concrete piles, Norwegian Pile Commission, skin área
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles
355. Failure surface at pile point in clay Keywords: failure surface, diameter, area of pile
356. Skin friction resistance along pile shaft Keywords: cone penetration test, friction sleeve small displacement pile, large displacement pile
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile
357. Bearing capacity of piles in clay Keywords: normally consolidated clay, overconsolidated clay, undrained shear strength, reduction , ground surface
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles
358. Lambda-method Keywords: offshore structures, depth, mean value, skin resistance
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile
359. Estimate of pile skin resistance in clay Keywords: effective overburden pressure, Flaate, Selnes, undrained shear strength
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles
360. Load transfer from pile to soil as function of pile displacement Keywords: t-z curves, q-y curve, driven pile, bored pile
361. Negative skin friction along piles Keywords: lowering of ground water level, driven pile, bored pile
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile
362. Failure modes of horizontally loaded piles Keywords: soil failure, pile failure, failure mechanism
363. Lateral pile resistance in sand Keywords: sand, horizontal load, force
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles
364. Lateral pile resistance in clay (rotational mode) Keywords: undrained shear strength, heave, passive earth pressure, lateral force, diameter, depth
365. Lateral pile resistance in clay (pile failure mode) Keywords: undrained shear strength, diameter, yield, moment, lateral force
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.13. Single Piles-Dynamic Analysis
Chapter 13. Single piles - Dynamic analysis Page
366. Pile driving equipment Keywords: drop hammer, diesel hammer, vibratory hammer, steam hammer, single acting, double acting
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367. Dynamic pile test Keywords: hammer, helmet, cap block, cushion, pile, stress wave, depth, steel, concrete, wood
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368. Stress wave analysis, rigid base Keywords: particle velocity, wave velocity, impedance, rebound of hammer
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369. Stress wave analysis, soft base Keywords: particle velocity, length, impedance
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370. Detection of pile defect by dynamic test Keywords: hammer velocity, particle velocity, wave velocity, force, accelerometer, impedance, warning, strain gauge, time, wave length, fracture
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371. Determination of dynamic pile bearing capacity Keywords: hammer, force, displacement, elastic compression, drop height,
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372. Pile driving formulae (definition) Keywords: mass of hammer, penetration resistance, effective height of fall, mass of pile, coefficient of restitution elastic compression, soil, cushion, dynamic pile capacity
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373. Pile driving formulae Keywords: Hiley, Kreuger, Janbu, elastic compression, cushion, pile, soil, load distribution factor, dynamic pile capacity
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374. Elastic compression of pile Keywords: cushion, pen, set, pile, hammer
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375. Static pile load test Keywords: applied load, displacement, point bearing pile, elastic compression, pile shaft, friction pile, sand, clay
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376. Definition of pile failure load Keywords: settlement, applied load, range, pile diameter
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377. Types of pile loading tests Keywords: maintained load, constant rate of penetration (CRP)
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.13. Single Piles-Dynamic Analysis
Chapter 13. Single piles - Dynamic analysis 366. Pile driving equipment Keywords: drop hammer, diesel hammer, vibratory hammer, steam hammer, single acting, double acting
367. Dynamic pile test Keywords: hammer, helmet, cap block, cushion, pile, stress wave, depth, steel, concrete, wood
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.13. Single Piles-Dynamic Analysis
368. Stress wave analysis, rigid base Keywords: particle velocity, wave velocity, impedance, rebound of hammer
369. Stress wave analysis, soft base Keywords: particle velocity, length, impedance
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.13. Single Piles-Dynamic Analysis 370. Detection of pile defect by dynamic test Keywords: hammer velocity, particle velocity, wave velocity, force, accelerometer, impedance, warning, strain gauge, time, wave length, fracture
371. Determination of dynamic pile bearing capacity Keywords: hammer, force, displacement, elastic compression, drop height,
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.13. Single Piles-Dynamic Analysis
372. Pile driving formulae (definition) Keywords: mass of hammer, penetration resistance, effective height of fall, mass of pile, coefficient of restitution elastic compression, soil, cushion, dynamic pile capacity
373. Pile driving formulae Keywords: Hiley, Kreuger, Janbu, elastic compression, cushion, pile, soil, load distribution factor, dynamic pile capacity
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.13. Single Piles-Dynamic Analysis 374. Elastic compression of pile Keywords: cushion, pen, set, pile, hammer
375. Static pile load test Keywords: applied load, displacement, point bearing pile, elastic compression, pile shaft, friction pile, sand, clay
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.13. Single Piles-Dynamic Analysis
376. Definition of pile failure load Keywords: settlement, applied load, range, pile diameter
377. Types of pile loading tests Keywords: maintained load, constant rate of penetration (CRP)
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.13. Single Piles-Dynamic Analysis
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups
Chapter 14. Pile foundations - Pile Groups Page
378. Pile group in clay Keywords: elevation, plan, perimeter, plan, undrained shear strength
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379. Examples of pile groups Keywords: single footings, foundation walls, friction pile, end-bearing pile, footing
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380. Efficiency of pile group in clay Keywords: pile spacing, efficiency, optimum spacing, Sowers, length, model test, clay, Bentonite, calculated, measured
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381. Settlement of pile group in clay Keywords: pile group, clay, 2:1 distribution, pile length
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382. Efficiency of pile group (model tests) Keywords: pile load , applied load, Whitaker, ultimate load of pile group, center pile, corner pile, model test
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383. Efficiency of pile group in sand (model test) Keywords: efficiency, width, length, model test, fine sand, row, group, pile spacing
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384. Pile groups in sand (model tests) Keywords: load, displacement, pile group, Kezdi, diameter, spacing, fine sand
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385. Load distribution in pile group Keywords: pile group, ultimate strength, compression, tension, center or rotation
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386. Eccentric loading in pile group (example) Keywords: assumed centre of rotation, imaginary pile, rows
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387. Eccentric loading in pile group (example cont.) Keywords: assumed centre of rotation, imaginary pile, rows
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388. Load distribution below piled foundation Keywords: pressure bulb, raft, piled raft, width, san
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389. Stress increase below pile group Keywords: single pile, pile group, stress distribution
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390. Settlements below pile group in sand Keywords: applied load, single pile, loaded pile, sand
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391. Settlement of pile group Keywords: side of pile group, Skempton, single pile, pile group, width
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392. Load distribution below pile group in sand Keywords: single pile, pile group, settlement, width, Berezantsev, friction angle
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393. Negative skin friction along pile shaft in clay Keywords: fill, clay, neutral point, ground water level, lowering
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394. Effect of negative skin friction on piles in clay Keywords: point bearing piles, floating piles, crushing, settlements
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395. Protection piles for reduction of negative skin friction Keywords: protection piles
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups
396. Heave caused by pile driving Keywords: clay, surface heave
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397. Settlements caused by pile driving in sand Keywords: settlements, cone
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398. Settlements caused by pile driving in excavation Keywords: clay, sand, sheet pile wall, vibrations, soil anchor
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399. Effect on point resistance by pile driving Keywords: sand, pile length, vibrations, adjacent pile
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400. Order of pile driving Keywords: settlements, damage to building, vibrations
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401. Differential settlements below building due to pile driving in sand Keywords: sand, traffic, cracking, piles, driving
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups
Chapter 14. Pile foundations - Pile Groups 378. Pile group in clay Keywords: elevation, plan, perimeter, plan, undrained shear strength
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 379. Examples of pile groups Keywords: single footings, foundation walls, friction pile, end-bearing pile, footing
380. Efficiency of pile group in clay Keywords: pile spacing, efficiency, optimum spacing, Sowers, length, model test, clay, Bentonite, calculated, measured
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 381. Settlement of pile group in clay Keywords: pile group, clay, 2:1 distribution, pile length
382. Efficiency of pile group (model tests) Keywords: pile load , applied load, Whitaker, ultimate load of pile group, center pile, corner pile, model test
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 383. Efficiency of pile group in sand (model test) Keywords: efficiency, width, length, model test, fine sand, row, group, pile spacing
384. Pile groups in sand (model tests) Keywords: load, displacement, pile group, Kezdi, diameter, spacing, fine sand
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 385. Load distribution in pile group Keywords: pile group, ultimate strength, compression, tension, center or rotation
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 386. Eccentric loading in pile group (example) Keywords: assumed centre of rotation, imaginary pile, rows
387. Eccentric loading in pile group (example cont.) Keywords: assumed centre of rotation, imaginary pile, rows
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 388. Load distribution below piled foundation Keywords: pressure bulb, raft, piled raft, width, sand
389. Stress increase below pile group Keywords: single pile, pile group, stress distribution
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 390. Settlements below pile group in sand Keywords: applied load, single pile, loaded pile, sand
391. Settlement of pile group Keywords: side of pile group, Skempton, single pile, pile group, width
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 392. Load distribution below pile group in sand Keywords: single pile, pile group, settlement, width, Berezantsev, friction angle
393. Negative skin friction along pile shaft in clay Keywords: fill, clay, neutral point, ground water level, lowering
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 394. Effect of negative skin friction on piles in clay Keywords: point bearing piles, floating piles, crushing, settlements
395. Protection piles for reduction of negative skin friction Keywords: protection piles
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 396. Heave caused by pile driving Keywords: clay, surface heave
397. Settlements caused by pile driving in sand Keywords: settlements, cone
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 398. Settlements caused by pile driving in excavation Keywords: clay, sand, sheet pile wall, vibrations, soil anchor
399. Effect on point resistance by pile driving Keywords: sand, pile length, vibrations, adjacent pile
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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 400. Order of pile driving Keywords: settlements, damage to building, vibrations
401. Differential settlements below building due to pile driving in sand Keywords: sand, traffic, cracking, piles, driving
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