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Ouous? Bij`ins, Ysis, cdl Vrivcjidhi an Hmcrks `d \mi Eckb`c, Cnr`hc
Ochg`i Nujjirtad
Oujy, 2636
2636 Eckb`c N`ijl Xtul`is Vraerck
Hril`ts? CD\M 868 (
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\cbji an Hadtidts
Xiht`ads an Vcpir
! Cbstrcht pe. 8! @dtraluht`ad pe. 8! Kitmals pe. 38! Risujts pe. 3>! L`shuss`ad pe. 2=! Chgdawjileikidts pe. 89! Uargs H`til pe. 8>
N`euris
! N`euri 3. Crhm Kusiuk pe. ! N`euri
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#
Cbstrcht
\m`s risicrhm pcpir nahusis ad tmi prcht`hi an ouous `d \mi Eckb`c. \mi `dnarkct`ad wcs
hajjihtil tmrauem shmajcrjy, cs wijj cs ad s`ti risicrhm ad pirsadcj bij`ins surraudl`de Ouous, tmi
m`stary bim`dl tmi`r usi, cdl tmi`r privcjidhi `d kalird lcy trcl`t`adcj kil`h`di. Ouous,
atmirw`si hcjjil er`s-er`s, hmcrks, ar ckujits, cri usil pr`kcr`jy tmrauemaut Uistird Cnr`hc cstaajs nar ec`d`de hadtraj avir adis j`ni. \miy mcvi c rij`e`aus hakpadidt ta tmik, tmct an tmi
Kusj`k nc`tm. Ouous ec`d tmi`r pawir nrak tmi erictir saurhi mijl by supirdcturcj bi`des,
pr`kcr`jy o`dds (sp`r`ts) cdl Eal (Cjjcm). Antidt`kis tmiy hadtc`d virsis nrak Garcd`h shr`pturi,
hmasid by kcrcbauts.
Kcrcbauts cri trc`dil `d Garcd`h stuly, usucjjy `dmir`t tmi`r pas`t`ad nrak c l`riht
rijct`vi, cdl cri rispihtil kikbirs an Cnr`hcd sah`ity. C kcrcbaut w`jj kcgi c ouou nar cd
`dl`v`lucj lipidl`de ad tmi`r pirsadcj riquist. \miy hcd bi kcdunchturil nar bcs`hcjjy cdy
purpasi, but cri pr`kcr`jy usil nar pratiht`ad cdl micj`de.
\miri cri twa typis an ouous tmct cri kast hakkadjy usil. \mi n`rst `s c shr`pturi nrak
tmi Garcd tmct mcs biid sawd `d `ts harrispadl`de cd`kcj sg`d cdl `s tmid ward ad tmi baly. @t `s
typ`hcjjy ward i`tmir ad tmi wr`st, crk, dihg, ar wc`st. \mi atmir typi `s c ouou pat`ad, ar j`qu`l
ouou. \mi kcrcbaut w`jj wcsm tmi hmasid shr`pturi nrak tmi Garcd `d wctir, prcy avir tmi j`qu`l,
cdl n`dcjjy cll tmi `deril`idts harrispadl`de ta tmct ouou. Ichm kcrcbaut kcgis ouous l`nniridtjy
lipidl`de ad tmi gdawjilei mi rihi`vil nrak m`s cdhistars cdl Eal. Ouous cri hakkadjy usil
cdl w`lispricl.
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$
Cs aur eraup an 2= Xt. Kcrys stulidts crr`vil ct tmi jcrei Crhm Kusiuk `d \mi
Eckb`cs hcp`tcj, Bcdouj, @ wcs st`jj nc`rjy hjuijiss cbaut maw @ wcdtil ta spidl tmi dixt sivid
wiigs an ky stcy miri `d \mi Eckb`c la`de c risicrhm praoiht. @ idtiril tmi kusiuk `dta tmi
warjl an ouous, cd udgdawd warjl ta ki ct tmct t`ki. \mi kusiuk wcs sajijy lil`hctil ta ouous
cdl tmi bij`ins surraudl`de tmik. @ mcvi cjwcys biid `dtiristil `d supirdcturcj bij`ins cdl tm`des
an tmct sart, cdl wcs lrcwd ta tmi ouou l`spjcys w`tm tm`s `lic `d k`dl. @ mcl divir idhaudtiril
ouous binari cdl wcs `d tmi lcrg cbaut maw tmi bij`in haujl bi cs w`lispricl cdl jade j`vil cs
tmi pjcquis ad tmi wcjj partrcyil. @ wcs hur`aus cbaut maw @ mcl divir adhi micrl an tm`s
Cnr`hcd prcht`hi.
@ struhg up c hadvirsct`ad w`tm adi an tmi kusiuk wargirs, hadviy`de ta mir ky `dtirist
`d tmi suboiht cdl csg`de mir pa`dt an v`iw. Bi`de cd Ckir`hcd, cdl ct tm`s pa`dt dcvi ta tmi
Eckb`cd sah`ity, @ ixpihtil mir ta lishr`bi tmi prcht`hi w`tm sgipt`h`sk. @ wcs tcgid cbchg
wmid smi tajl ki tmct iviryadi smi gdiw bij`ivil `d ouous cdl tmct smi bij`ivil hakpjitijy `d
tmi`r pawir. Xmi hjc`kil
tmct ouous mcl hmcdeil mir
j`ni kujt`pji t`kis cdl
tm`s wcs wmct brauemt mir
ta warg `d tmi kusiuk. @
wcs smahgil cdl
`dtr`euil.
N`euri 3.Crhm Kusiuk
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N`euri 2.Crhm Kusiuk Umct `s c Ouou1 L`spjcy
Ky dixt `dtircht`ad w`tm ouous wcs c p`vatcj pa`dt `d ky lih`s`ad ta risicrhm tmi tap`h7
tm`s `dtircht`ad taag pjchi ct \ukcd` \idlc v`jjcei. \miri @ dat adjy idhaudtiril dukiraus
hm`jlrid cdl clujts wicr`de ouous, but @ kit c j`ttji e`rj wma hmcdeil ky j`ni. Xmi wcs viry
yaude, c skcjj hm`jl tmi s`zi an c twa-yicr ajl. Xmi l`l dat spicg, but kirijy najjawil tmi atmir
hm`jlrid craudl `d c lczil stcti. @ la dat gdaw wmiri mir nck`jy wcs ar wma mir s`bj`des wiri.
Da adi ricjjy siikil ta pcy mir cdy k`dl. \m`s `dl`v`lucj`ty cdl ud`quidiss `s pcrt an wmct
`d`t`cjjy lriw ki ta mir. @ wcdtil ta gdaw mir stary. Umid @ wcjgil up ta tmi yaude e`rj, mir
stary siikil ta udnajl `d nradt an ki. Xmi wcs s`hg, viry s`hg. @ haujl sii tm`s `d iviry
l`kids`ad an mir likicdar cdl pmys`hcj cppicrcdhi. @ tmid dat`hil tmct smi wcs hakpjitijy
haviril `d ouous, nrak mir dihg, uppir crks, wr`sts, ta mir bjactil wc`st. \m`s wcs, ta ki, c hjicr
`dl`hct`ad tmct sakiadi nijt tmct smi diilil mijp `d c wcy tmct piapji wiri strueej`de ta prav`li.
\mi ouous smi wari wiri cttikpts ta pjcy c raji `d tm`s yaude hm`jls ncti, but maw1 @ lih`lil ct
tm`s pa`dt @ diilil ta n`dl aut kari cbaut tmisi hmcrks. @ diilil ta n`dl aut maw tmiy wiri
bij`ivil ta mijp tm`s skcjj e`rj, j`v`de `d suhm paar micjtm cdl pavirty-str`hgid hadl`t`ads. Umiri
wcs tmi pawir an tmi ouou suppasil ta haki nrak1 Ucs tm`s hmcrk siid cs inniht`vi1 @n sa, by
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wma1 Maw kuhm nc`tm wcs bi`de pjchil `d `ts pawir1 Umct praan an `ts inniht`vidiss ix`stil1
Ucs tm`s praan bcsil ad sh`idt`n`h, micrscy, ar pirsadcjjy ixpir`idhil iv`lidhi1
N`euri 8. Paude e`rj wicr`de ouous
Nrak tm`s pa`dt ad, gdaw`de ky tap`h an nahus, @ widt ta warg `dtirv`iw`de cdl
l`shuss`de ouous w`tm piapji `d tmi cric an Birinit wmiri @ j`vil. @ wcs udcbji ta n`dl adi pirsad
`d tm`s skcjj v`jjcei wma l`l dat bij`ivi `d ouous. Iviryadi i`tmir awdil c ouou ar gdiw sakiadi
wma l`l. Umct `s `t tmct hcusis sa kcdy piapji ta wcdt ouous1 Ispih`cjjy, `d cd cric wmiri ivid
bcs`h diils cri antidt`kis kit w`tm l`nn`hujty, lis`ris nar ixtrcdiaus tm`des cri nar tmi kast pcrt
put cs`li. Uiri tmiy siid cs dihisscry1 @n sa, tm`s waujl chhaudt nar tmi`r w`lispricl usi, but
wmct wcs `t tmct kcli tmik sa v`tcj1 @ naudl tmct kcdy piapji bij`ivi tmct by wicr`de c ouou,
tmiy cri lrcw`de ad tmi erictir pawir an kyst`hcj bi`des wm`hm `dmcb`t tmi warjl `d arlir ta
smcpi ar hadtraj pcrts an tmi`r j`vis tmct siik udhadtrajjcbji. Umct supirdcturcj bi`des cri
`dvajvil `d tmi usi an ouous1 Umct raji la tmisi kystir`aus bi`des pjcy1
Cs @ naudl aut kari `dnarkct`ad cbaut tmi bij`ins hadhird`de tmi usi an ouous cdl tmi`r
pawir, @ biecd ta wadlir wmct c pirsad waujl mcvi ta la ta usi tm`s pcrt`hujcr pawir. Cjsa,
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wmct prahissis cri `dvajvil `d abtc`d`de c ouou binari `t hcd bi usil1 Kcrcbauts cri tmi kid tmct
kcgi cdl l`str`buti ouous7 `t `s tmi`r praniss`ad, cs wijj cs sah`cj pas`t`ad `d tmi hakkud`ty. Ouous
hcd bi usil `d c vcr`ity an ncsm`ads, lipidl`de ad tmi`r `dtidlil usi cdl c kcrcbauts
`dl`v`lucj`zil `dstruht`ads. Antidt`kis, tmiy w`jj `dhjuli virsis nrak tmi Garcd. Cs @ naudl aut
kari cbaut maw piapji usil ouous, @ cjsa wcs suboihtil ta vcr`aus ixckpjis an typis an ouous.
\miri wiri haudtjiss typis. Pit, wm`hm typis cri kast hakkadjy usil1 @ biecd hajjiht`de cs
kcdy ixckpjis an typis an ouous tmct @ haujl n`dl `d arlir ta eit cd `lic an tmi vcstdiss an tmi`r
purpasis cdl jaag nar tridls `d tmi kast hakkadjy sauemt cntir typis.
Cs strade cs tmi bij`in `d ouous cppicril `d Birinit, wmid @ kavil ta Mcppy Hckp, c
kari urbcd cric by ncr, @ biecd ta ixpir`idhi c kari Uistird`zil v`iw cdl sgipt`h`sk an tmi`r
usi. \m`s jil ki ta jaag nar tridls `d ky lctc hadhird`de wma bij`ivil cdl l`ldt bij`ivi, cs
wijj cs tmi`r ricsad`de nar batm. @ nahusil ad n`dl`de tridls `d eiaercpm`hcj rie`ads, cei eraups,
cdl eidlirs.
\mrauemaut ky risicrhm @ usil batm ricj j`ni ixpir`idhis cdl auts`li wr`ttid saurhis.
\misi shmajcrjy saurhis cjjawil ki ta ijcbarcti ad wmct @ mcl jicrdil n`rstmcdl, sii c braclir
pirspiht`vi ad ouous cdl tmi hadhipts haddihtil ta tmik, cdl ec`d `ds`emt ad tmi ix`st`de
j`tircturi ad tmi tap`h. Ydnartudctijy, tmiri wcs dat c vcst ckaudt an `dnarkct`ad pubj`smil
spih`n`hcjjy cbaut tmi prcht`hi an ouous. \mi saurhis @ wcs cbji ta n`dl wiri kari nahusil ad tmi
hujturcj tmikis surraudl`de tmi prcht`hi. Avircjj, tmi l`nn`hujty `d n`dl`de ikp`r`hcj saurhis
likadstrctil ta ki tmi `kpartcdhi an chqu`r`de gdawjilei nrak tmi saurhi, tmi piapji majl`de
tmi bij`ins `d ouous, ta udlirstcdl`de tmi`r w`lispricl usi `d \mi Eckb`c.
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\mi eidircj tmiki rivicjil `d cjj ix`st`de shmajcrjy crt`hjis wcs tmi Cnr`hcd bij`in `d tmi
supirdcturcj cdl tmi`r v`iws ad tmi wcy supirdcturcj bi`des wiri haddihtil ta tmi mukcd warjl.
Xupirdcturcj bi`des cri bij`ivil ta prav`li pawir ta ouous. C jat an ckb`eu`ty ix`st`de `d tmi
j`tircturi wcs c risujt an cjj an tmi ricl`des cttikpt`de ta `sajcti tmikis `d Cnr`hcd bij`ins chrass
tmi hadt`didt. \m`s `s c viry l`nn`hujt, `n dat `kpass`bji tcsg, bihcusi an tmi erict vcr`ct`ad an
tmisi bij`ins nrak haudtry ta haudtry, cdl kari spih`n`hcjjy, hujturi ta hujturi. U`tm tm`s `d
k`dl, `t wcs `dtirist`de ta sii wmct v`iwpa`dt tmi cutmars hmasi ta tcgi wmid ixpjc`d`de wmct
tmiy hads`liril ta bi tmi pr`kcry Cnr`hcd bij`ins, maw tmi`r pirspiht`vis vcr`il nrak adi
cdatmirs, cdl maw tmisi tmikis hakpcril ta tmasi @ absirvil wmid j`v`de `d \mi Eckb`c.
Kb`t` (30=0) nahusis ad tmi wcy tmct kcdy Cnr`hcd rij`e`ads pirhi`vi tmi warjl cdl maw
tm`s warjlv`iw v`iw kcd`nists `d rij`e`aus bij`ins. Kast an tmi `dnarkct`ad hidtiril ad
supirdcturcj bij`ins cdl tmi`r raji `d lc`jy j`ni. \mi ricl`de ixpjc`dil maw supirdcturcj bi`des
cri s`k`jcr ta, cdl l`nniridt nrak, kcd. @t wcs `dtr`eu`de ta sii tmct kcdy an tmisi bij`ins wiri
qu`ti s`k`jcr ta wmct @ ixpir`idhil `d tmi Eckb`c, bihcusi tmi baag `s avir twidty yicrs ajl.
\m`s partrcys tmi hads`stidhy an rij`e`ad cdl `ts rijivcdhi tmrauemaut t`ki. @t cjsa smaws tmi
trcl`t`adcj bij`ins bim`dl ouous cdl m`emj`emts maw tmisi bij`ins, cdl `d hadoudht`ad w`tm tmik,
tmi prcht`hi an ouous, mcvi pirsiviril avir tmi yicrs.
@dCnr`hcd Rij`e`ads cdl Vm`jasapmy, Kb`t` (30=0) ixpjc`dil maw tmi m`ircrhm`hcj v`iw
`d kast Cnr`hcd hujturis, w`tm tmi ajlir bi`de tmi kast rispihtil, trcdshidls `dta tmi
supirdcturcj warjl cs wijj. \mi ajlir c supirdcturcj bi`de `s bij`ivil ta bi, tmi kari pawir `t
idhakpcssis. \mi kast pawirnuj bi`de `s Eal, najjawil by o`dds. O`dds cri wmct rikc`ds an
mukcd bi`des wmid tmiy l`i, pmys`hcjjy. Iviry pirsad `s `div`tcbjy ea`de ta bihaki c o`dd.
Cjtmauem wmid c mukcd l`is, mi/smi `s tmauemt ta kavi up ad tmi m`ircrhm`hcj jcllir an pawir
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cdl rispiht, lictm `s dat pirhi`vil apt`k`st`hcjjy. @t `s dat siid cs cd idtry `dta tmi cntirj`ni, but
rctmir, `t `s hajl cdl l`shaddihtil. O`dds jchg mukcd hmcrchtir`st`hs cdl cjj nck`jy, ikat`adcj,
cdl/ar pirsadcj t`is cri bragid upad tmi pcst mukcds lictm.
Kb`t` (30=0) hjc`ks tmct o`dds cri dat `dmir`tcbjy eaal ar bcl, but `dsticl jchg
pirsadcj`t`is hakpjitijy. \miy cht w`tmaut hadsh`aus lih`s`ads ar tmauemt. \mi`r cht`ads cri
crb`trcry cdl irrct`h. Mi scys tmct tmisi l`nniridhis `d nudht`ad`de, cdl tmi bij`in tmct adi lcy
kcd w`jj hirtc`djy idl up tm`s wcy, kcgis tmik nari`ed cdl udhaknart`de ta mukcds. @d
cll`t`ad, tmi`r ub`qu`taus prisidhi cdl erictir pawir tmcd mukcds kcgis tmik c tmrict.
Kb`t` (30=0) siiks ta hadtrcl`ht m`ksijn sivircj t`kis wmid tcjg`de cbaut o`dds. Mi scys
ct adi pa`dt tmct o`dds cri sa udpril`htcbji tmct tmi scnist tm`de `s ta giip cwcy nrak tmik. Mi
jctir scys tmct `n o`dds cri nareattid cdl dat rihaed`zil tmct tm`s `s riecrlil cs ixtrikijy
lcdeiraus cdl hcd risujt `d diect`vi hadsiquidhis. Nurtmirkari, mi hjc`ks tmct o`dds cri dat
eaal ar bcl. \m`s `s c hjc`k tmct wcs dat suppartil by cdy an tmi Eckb`cds @ spagi ta
hadhird`de tmi`r bij`ins `d tmi kcttir. Kast piapji stctil l`st`dhtjy tmct iv`j o`dds cri tmasi tmct
w`sm ta murt cdl listruht, cdl eaal o`dds cri tmasi tmct br`de eaal nartudi. Mi stctil jctir tmct
tmiri wcs suhm c tm`de cs eaal kce`h cdl bcl kce`h. Umy `s tmiri c l`shripcdhy bitwiid
eaal cdl bcl kce`h, cdl dat eaal cdl bcl o`dds1 \m`s `s c quist`ad @ w`jj ijcbarcti ad wmid @
bie`d ixpjc`d`de kari cbaut iv`j supirdcturcj bi`des, tmasi `dvajvil `d w`thmhrcnt spih`n`hcjjy.
@d tmi oaurdcj crt`hjiO`dd (Cjixcdlir, Li`d, & Dcp`ir, 266=), c l`nniridt pirspiht`vi `s
`dtraluhil ad o`dds. Cjixcdlir it cj. (266=) hadtrcl`ht Kb`t` (30=0) `d tmi`r l`shuss`ad an tmi
hadsh`ausdiss an o`dds. \miy hjc`k tmct o`dds cri `dtijj`eidt, hcd hmaasi bitwiid r`emt cdl
wrade, hcd kcrry, praluhi hm`jlrid, ict, lr`dg, cdl l`i. \m`s kcgis tmi o`dd siik ta mcvi kcdy
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bim`dl sarhiry, w`thmhrcnt, cdl likads (@dtirdct`adcj Mukcd`st cdl Itm`hcj Yd`ad, 2665). @
naudl c hads`stidhy `d tm`s `lic spih`n`hcjjy `d batmCnr`hcd Rij`e`ads cdl Vm`jasapmy (Kb`t`,
30=0) cdl Xupirst`t`ad cdl U`thmhrcnt `d Cnr`hc (@dtirdct`adcj Mukcd`st cdl Itm`hcj Yd`ad,
2665). Batm crt`hjis ixpjc`d tmct sarhirirs cdl w`thmis lrcw ad tmi pawir an iv`j o`dds d arlir
ta usi bcl kce`h. \m`s `s maw tmi twa pawirs cri rijctil. \misi twa ricl`des cjsa cerii tmct cjj
an j`nis k`snartudis cri c risujt an tm`s iv`j pawir ct warg. \m`s `s tmi bij`in an iviry Eckb`cd @
kit wma wcs wicr`de c ouou. @ wcs udcbji ta n`dl cdy risicrhm ad wmitmir ar dat tmiri s c wcy
ta litirk`dw ar`e`d an iv`j, cdl waujl bi cd `dtirist`de tap`h nar nuturi risicrhm. Nar ixckpji,
wmid c k`snartudi ahhurs, wcs `t hcusil by sarhiry, w`thmhrcnt, likads, iv`j o`dds, ith.1
Xupirst`t`ad cdl U`thmhrcnt `d Cnr`hc (@dtirdct`adcj Mukcd`st cdl Itm`hcj Yd`ad, 2665)
ijcbarctis c b`t kari ad tm`s tap`h an tmi ar`e`d an iv`j, w`tm cd ikpmcs`s ad w`thmhrcnt.
U`thmhrcnt nahusis ad tmi ix`stidhi an sarhirirs cdl w`thmis. Xarhirirs cri mukcd bi`des,
cd`kcjs, ar `dsihts tmct tcp `dta tmi iv`j pawir an o`dds ta hcusi listruht`ad cdl mcrk. Uakid
cdl `dncdts cri kast suspihtil an bi`de sarhirirs. Kcdy Eckb`cds siikil ta bij`ivi tmct
wakid cri kast antid cssah`ctil w`tm iv`j `d hakpcr`sad ta kid, but tmiri wcs da kidt`ad an
`dncdts ncjj`de `dta tm`s hctieary cs wijj. U`thmis mcvi tmi pawir ta `dtirvidi ar `dnjuidhi mukcd
j`vis. \misi bi`des cri tmauemt ta kiit kastjy ct d`emt, wmid tmiy arecd`zi kiit`des `d tmi sics,
ahicds, cdl narists cdl nicst ad mukcd bjaal cdl njism. Eckb`cds wiri jiss j`gijy ta lishr`bi
wmiri w`thmis ris`li cdl prcht`hi, cdl kari j`gijy ta nahus ad tmi`r cb`j`ty ta ict mukcd njism
cdl hcusi listruht`ad.
\miri siiks ta bi c s`k`jcr hadnus`ad w`tm bij`ins cbaut w`thmis cs tmiri wcs w`tm o`dds
`dCnr`hcd Rij`e`ads cdl Vm`jasapmy(Kb`t`, 30=0). \miri wcs w`lispricl l`sceriikidt cbaut
tmi Cnr`hcd bij`ins `d w`thmis, pcrt`hujcrjy `n tmiy wiri siid cs eaal ar iv`j. \mi @dtirdct`adcj
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Mukcd`st cdl Itm`hcj Yd`ad (2665) stctil tmct wm`ji w`thmis hcd la eaal, tmiy cri kastjy
cssah`ctil w`tm iv`j. Um`ji tm`s hjc`k wcs kcli `d tmi crt`hji, `t wcs jctir hadtrcl`htil w`tm c
quati by Lr. Oasipm Ebidlc an tmi Bidui Xtcti Yd`virs`ty `d Kcrgurl`. Lr. Ebidlc, wma
stul`il Cnr`hcd hujturi `d D`eir`c, sc`l tmct w`thmhrcnt wcs pr`kcr`jy siid cs eaal cdl wcs
cttr`butil ta e`ntil `dl`v`lucjs. Jctir Kr. Hm`buizi Agar`i wcs quatil cs stct`de tmct D`eir`cd
piapji sii w`thmhrcnt cs iv`j cdl suppartil tm`s by riniridh`de tmi prasihut`ads, ixihut`ads, cdl
mudts ahhurr`de `d tmi haudtry cs c risujt an suspihtil w`thmhrcnt. Atmirs hjc`k tmct w`thmhrcnt `s
s`kpjy c supirst`t`aus bij`in tmct `s m`dlir`de livijapkidt `d kcdy Cnr`hcd haudtr`is. \mirinari,
wi hcd hadhjuli tmct `lics an w`thmhrcnt vcry nrak pjchi ta pjchi tmrauemaut Cnr`hc, but tmi
bij`in `s w`lispricl cdl tmi eidircj v`iw `s tmct tmi risujt `s iv`j. @d ky pirsadcj ixpir`idhi,
Eckb`cds v`iwil w`thmis cs iv`j cdl cs c viry ricj pcrt an tmi`r sah`ity cdl j`vis.
\miri cri sivircj wcys tmct piapji hcd rihi`vi pratiht`ad nrak tmi cht`ads an iv`j
supirdcturcj bi`des. Cjixcdlir it cj. (266=) karisa striss tmi trcl`t`adcj @sjck bij`ins `d ec`d`de
pratiht`ad l`rihtjy nrak Eal, wm`ji Kb`t` (30=0) nahusis kari ad tmi usi an c haudtir`de
supirdcturcj pawir, suhm cs tmct `d ouous. \mi trcl`t`adcj @sjck bij`in wcs privcjidt `d spicg`de
w`tm kcdy livaut prcht`h`de Kusj`ks `d tmi urbcd crics an \mi Eckb`c. \m`s bij`in `s tmct `d
arlir ta mcvi pratiht`ad nrak o`dds adi smaujl najjaw tmi rujis cdl warls an tmi Garcd. Eal `s
siid cs tmi ujt`kcti saurhi an pawir cdl l`htctar an cjj tm`des.
Kb`t` (30=0) ikpmcs`zis tmi bij`in kari hakkad `d rurcj crics, suhm cs Birinit. \m`s
bij`in `s tmct tmi pawir an supirdcturcj bi`des hcd bi tcppil `dta by hirtc`d piapji wma mcvi
biid e`vid tmi cb`j`ty ta la sa by Eal. \m`s pawir hcd bi usil nar kcdy purpasis. Adi an wm`hm
`dvajvis pjch`de tmi supirdcturcj pawir `dta aboihts, wm`hm cri ward `d arlir ta haudtircht iv`j
pawirs. \m`s `lic an pjch`de tmi pawir `d aboihts br`des c hakpadidt an kce`h `dta tmi prahiss.
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@t hcd cjsa bi usil ta br`de nartudi ta piapjis j`vis tmrauem tmi eaal pawir an Eal cdl o`dds.
\mi bij`in `d tm`s pawir `s jiss l`rihtjy haddihtil ta Eal bihcusi tmi pawir hcd bi lrcwd nrak
vcr`aus saurhis. @ naudl batm an tmisi bij`ins ta bi hakkad `d ky risicrhm ckadest Eckb`cd
piapji.
Kitmals
\mrauemaut ky risicrhm, @ usil c vcr`ity an kitmals ta ectmir `dnarkct`ad cdl ixpcdl
ky gdawjilei ad tmi tap`h an ouous. Kcdy an tmi kitmals @ usil @ jicrdil cdl cppj`il nrak tmi
riqu`ril ricl`de baag,La`de Hujturcj Cdtmrapajaey(Cderas`da, 2665). \m`s pr`ar gdawjilei
an tmi kast inn`h`idt wcys ta ea cbaut ky risicrhm cjjawil ki ta usi c w`lir rcdei an saurhis,
hadluht kysijn bittir lur`de `dtirv`iws, cppicj ta piapji ta smcri kari pirsadcj litc`js cbaut
tmi`r ixpir`idhis, cdl ta lijvi liipir `dta ky tap`h an risicrhm. @ `dtirv`iwil kcdy piapji,
rcde`de nrak v`jjceirs ta trcl`t`adcj micjirs cdl kcrcbauts.
@ biecd ky risicrhm pr`kcr`jy cs cpcrt`h`pcdt absirvir. @ chtil `d tm`s kcddir lur`de
`dtirv`iws w`tm vcr`aus piapji cs wijj cs `d ky idhaudtir w`tm tmi kcrcbaut `d Birinit. @ wcs cd
cht`vi pcrt`h`pcdt absirvir by csg`de quist`ads, tcg`de datis an aur kiit`des, eitt`de hadtcht
`dnarkct`ad, cdl us`de tmct hadtcht `dnarkct`ad `n c diw quist`ad ar `dtirist crasi jctir ad `d ky
praoiht. @ cjsa mcl sivircj ouous kcli cdl widt tmrauem tmi prahiss an abtc`d`de c ouou stip by
stip `d arlir ta eit tmi ricj ixpir`idhi an tmi prahissis `dvajvil. @ v`s`til tmi ouou kcd sivircj
t`kis w`tm c trcdsjctar, mcl tmrii ouous kcli, trcvijil ta Br`gckc ta mcvi tmi ouous siwd `d
cd`kcj sg`d by tmi habbjir tmiri, cdl wari ky ouou cjj tmi t`ki. Umid @ wari ky ouou, @ riharlil
maw piapji richtil ta ki wicr`de `t, tmi hakkidts tmiy kcli ad `t, cdl maw j`gijy piapji wiri
ta dat`hi `t.
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Cdatmir kitmal @ usil `d ky risicrhm wcs `dtirv`iw`de. @ `dtirv`iwil c vcr`ity an dct`vi
Eckb`cds `d arlir ta micr tmi`r ap`d`ads cbaut wmct hcusis piapji ta wcdt ouous, maw tmiy cri
usil by tmi pubj`h, wmitmir ar dat tmiy bij`ivi `d tmi`r pawir, maw adi waujl ea cbaut
abtc`d`de c ouou, wmct supirdcturcj bij`ins cri `dvajvil `d tmi`r usi, cdl n`dcjjy, wmct pirsadcj
ixpir`idhis mcvi tmiy mcl w`tm tmik. Nrak tmisi quist`ads @ wcs cbji ta cht`vijy csg kari
spih`n`h quist`ads tmct waujl e`vi erictir `ds`emt `dta ky tap`h. Nar ixckpji, `n tmiy sc`l tmiy
bij`ivil `d tmi pawir an ouous @ csgil wmy tm`s wcs. @ jaagil nar tridls `d tm`s lctc bcsil ad
jahct`ad cdl cei. Cdatmir wcy @ `lidt`n`il wcs by csg`de maw kcdy ouous tmiy awdil, `n tmiy
wiri wicr`de tmik daw, `n tmiy mcl ivir eattid tmi`r awd ouous ar wiri tmiy e`vid cs e`nts, cdl
`n tmiy ivir mcl eadi pir`als w`tmaut awd`de cdy ouous.
@d rijct`ad ta tmi hadhipt an tmi `dnjuidhi an supirdcturcj bij`ins ad tmi prcht`hi an ouous, @
csgil cdatmir sit an quist`ads. @ csgil ichm pirsad cbaut tmi`r bij`ins `d tmi kyst`hcj pawirs an
tmi ud`virsi suhm cs o`dds, w`thmhrcnt, sarhiry, ith. @ csgil quist`ads `d arlir ta eit c kari
litc`jil jaag ct maw prak`didt bij`ins `d supirdcturcj pawirs wiri `d tmi`r hakkud`ty cdl maw
tmiy scw tmi bi`des raji `d tmi`r j`vis. By la`de `dtirv`iws, @ wcs cbji ta micr c jat cbaut ouous
nrak c hujturcj pa`dt an v`iw. @ wcdtil ta micr cd `ds`lirs v`iw ad tmi suboiht, adi udhidsaril
cdl ricj. By absirv`de piapji smcr`de tmi`r bij`ins cdl ixpir`idhis, @ wcs cbji ta udlirstcdl
kari cbaut maw Eckb`cds trujy v`iw tmi warjl.
@d arlir ta bi tmi kast praluht`vi lur`de `dtirv`iws, @ najjawil c eidircj strctiey nar tmi
haursi an cht`ad. Ky n`rst stip wcs ta `lidt`ny tmi pirsad @ wcdtil ta `dtirv`iw. Kast an ky
`dtirv`iws wiri tmi risujt an rihakkidlct`ads by ky pranissars cdl nrak pcst `dtirv`iws wm`ji
`d Gcd`n`de Istcti. @d Gcd`n`de, bihcusi @ gdiw wma @ wcs ea`de ta `dtirv`iw tmi kcoar`ty an tmi
t`ki, @ waujl la ky bist ta n`dl aut cs kuhm `dnarkct`ad cbaut tmi pirsad cs pass`bji. \m`s wcy
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@ waujl mcvi quist`ads kari cpprapr`cti ta tmi`r gdawjilei bcsi. Umid `d Birinit, `t wcs kast
j`gijy tmct @ waujl tcjg ta tmi v`jjcei kcrcbaut, c Eckb`cd wargir `d aur hckp, ar c v`jjceir ad
ky wcjg ta tmi jahcj smap. Ky n`rst stip ct tmi bie`dd`de an cdy `dtirv`iw wcs ta spijj aut ky
eacjs. \mid, lur`de tmi `dtirv`iw, @ waujl prcht`hi us`de twa-pcrt quist`ads. @ waujl bie`d by
`dtraluh`de wmy @k csg`de tmi quist`ad, cdl najjaw by csg`de tmi quist`ad `tsijn. @ taag litc`jil
datis cdl pc`l hjasi cttidt`ad.
\mi tm`rl kitmal @ usil wcs us`de c kusiuk cs c risaurhi nar ky risicrhm praoiht.
U`tm`d tmi n`rst niw lcys `d \mi Eckb`c ky pranissars taag tmi idt`ri eraup an Xt. Kcrys
stulidts ta tmi haudtrys hcp`tcj, Bcdouj. Umid `d Bcdouj, wi v`s`til tmi e`cdt Crhm, bu`jt wmid
tmi hurridt pris`lidt hcki ta pawir `d 300
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\m`s kusiuk v`s`t `s cjsa wmct prakptil ki ta risicrhm kari cbaut Cnr`hcd supirdcturcj bi`des
cdl bij`ins surraudl`de tmik.
\mi n`dcj kitmal tmct idhakpcssis iviry atmir kidt`adil miri wcs tmi Eckb`c stuly
praerck `tsijn7 `t wcs tmi hma`hi @ kcli tapcrt`h`pcti `d cd itmdaercpm`h n`ijl shmaaj. By
kcg`de tm`s lih`s`ad @ lih`lil ta kavi cwcy nrak tmi haknart an ky maki `d Ckir`hc ta c diw
hujturi cdl cjjaw kysijn ta hakpjitijy `kkirsi kysijn `d c diw pjchi. \mrauemaut tmi tr`p @
wcs hadstcdtjy surraudlil by piapji wicr`de ouous, cvc`jcbji nar `dtirv`iws, `dtiristil `d
trcl`t`adcj kil`h`di, cdl tmasi wma wiri trcl`t`adcj micjirs cs tmi`r praniss`ad. By pcrt`h`pct`de
`d cd itmdaercpm`h n`ijl shmaaj, @ wcs cbji ta hajjiht c vcst crrcy an lctc ad ouous, cs wijj cs jicrd
sa kuhm cbaut Eckb`c sah`ity cs c wmaji.
@ usil c tmikct`h cdcjys`s cpprachm ta arecd`zi ky lctc. @d ichm an ky `dtirv`iws, v`s`ts,
absirvct`ads, ricl`des, ith., @ jaagil nar s`k`jcr`t`is cdl l`nniridhis `d lctc tmct ahhurril antid
idauem ta `dl`hcti c tridl. U`tm tmisi tridls `d k`dl, @ ixpjaril nurtmir by kicds an tmi
kitmals ixpjc`dil cbavi ta haki ta hadhjus`ads cbaut kari saj`l tmikis surraudl`de tmi
prcht`hi an ouous. \misi `dhjulil tridls `d bij`ins, prcht`his, privcjidhi, cdl kari. N`dcjjy, w`tm
kari livijapil tmikis `d k`dl @ jaagil nar haddiht`ads bitwiid tmi tmikis tmiksijvis cdl tmi
`kpj`hct`ads tmisi haddiht`ads mcl ad tmi prcht`hi an ouous cs c wmaji `d Eckb`cd sah`ity. Eaal!
Risujts
Ouous cri pawirnuj hmcrks ward ar lrcdg by kcdy piapji tmrauemaut Uist Cnr`hc. \misi
hmcrks cri bij`ivil ta hcjj upad supirdcturcj pawirs an tmi ud`virsi `d arlir ta e`vi pawir ta
tmasi wma wicr tmik. \m`s pawir hcd bi usil nar kcdy purpasis. \mrauemaut ky risicrhm @
naudl tmct tmi kast hakkad purpasis nar abtc`d`de c ouou wiri nar prividt`ad/pratiht`ad,
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mcrk`de atmirs, ta css`st `d eitt`de wmct adi wcdts `d s`tuct`ads biyadl adis hadtraj, nar
`kprav`de micjtm, cdl nar `kprav`de j`nistyji.
Vr`kcry Ysis an Ouous
Vratiht`ad nrak wicpads. Vrividtct`vi ouous cri lis`edil ta pratiht piapji `d t`kis an
wicgdiss, suhm cs `d t`kis wmiri tmi`r awd `dl`v`lucj pawir kcy dat bi idauem. \miri cri
sivircj kc`d prividtct`vi ouous tmct cri usil `d Eckb`cd sah`ity. \mi kast hakkad an tmasi,
pratiht`ad nrak wicpads, cri tmi typi an ouous tmct cri kast likadstrctil `d hakkud`ty ividts,
sauemt cntir by kid, kidt`adil, cdl bij`ivil `d by piapji `d urbcd cdl rurcj crics cj`gi. \miri
cri twa kc`d typis, hcjjil tmiGudlcdaa cdl \uuj (Crhm Kusiuk Ouou Ixm`b`t, 2636).
Gudlcdaaouous cri kicdt ta bi ward craudl c pirsads wc`st ar crk `d arlir ta prividt gd`ni ar
bjcli piditrct`ad. \miy hcd bi tistil `d c ud`qui wcy chharl`de ta cd `dtirv`iw w`tm c Eckb`cd
dckil Jck`d O. @d arlir ta tist cGudlcdaaouou m`s ercdlnctmir waujl usi c pcpcyc. Mi waujl
wrcp tmi ouou craudl `t cdl tmid try ta usi c gd`ni ad `t. @n tmi ouou wcs kcli prapirjy, tmi bjcli
waujl dat piditrcti. Mi stctil m`s ricsad nar us`de tm`s tist bihcusi, `n yau ladt tist t, maw la
yau bij`in1
\uujouous pratiht nrak batm gd`ni cdl eud waudls. \mi wcy tmct tmiy nudht`ad wcs kast
nriquidtjy lishr`bil ta ki cs, wmid sakiadi stcbs yau w`tm c gd`ni ar smaats yau w`tm c bujjit,
`t w`jj dat piditrcti yaur baly. \m`s `s wmy kcdy Idej`sm spicgirs s`kpjy rinir ta `t cs tmi ouou
nar prividt`ad nrak kitcj piditrct`ad. Binari tm`s ouou `s ward, tmiri `s c hirtc`d r`tucj `dvajvil.
\mi awdir an tmi ouou kust put `t `d m`s mcdl, cdl kitmal`hcjjy nchi icst, wist, sautm, cdl tmid
dartm. U`tm ichm turd tmi awdir smaujl tmraw m`s mcdl j`gi mi waujl tmraw tmi ouou, but dat jit `t
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ea. \m`s r`tucj kcgis `t sa tmct nrak iviry l`riht`ad c bujjit kcy haki, tmi wicrir `s pratihtil
(Jck`d O., pirsadcj hakkud`hct`ad, Oudi 3=, 2636).
\mi strade bij`in cdl cht`vi likadstrct`ad an ouous tmct pratiht nrak wicpads `s wmct
kcgis tmik hakkadjy ward `d wcr, bcttjis, n`emts, ith. \mi purpasi an tmi ouou kusiuk `d tmi
Crhm ct tmi nradt an Bcdouj `s ta hakkikarcti tmasi wma wiri `dvajvil `d tmi haup ta tcgi avir
tmi pris`lidt an tmct t`ki. \mi jchg an bjaalsmil lur`de tmi haup wcs cttr`butil by kcdy ta tmi
yaude k`j`tcry kid wicr`de tmisi ouous (Micl an tmi Crhm Kusiuk, pirsadcj hakkud`hct`ad,
2636).
Vratiht`ad nrak tmi `jj innihts an hmcdhi ividts. Cdatmir hakkad usi nar pratiht`vi
ouous `s pratiht`ad nrak tmi `jj innihts an hmcdhi ividts. \m`s `s tmi mukcd cttikpt ta prividt
udgdawd chh`lidts `d tmi nuturi nrak ahhurr`de. \misi hcd rcdei nrak eidircj ta kari spih`n`h
`dh`lidts. Nar ixckpji, nar kari eidircj pratiht`ad c pirsad kcy chqu`ri suhm ouou typis cs tmi
Bcdlurcdea cdl \cgcrcdea (Crhm Kusiuk Ouou Ixm`b`t, 2636).Bcdlurcdeaouous cri kicdt ta
bi ward craudl tmi wc`st cdl prividt tmi wicrir nrak prabjiks. \cgcrcdeaouous cri kicds ta
prividt chh`lidts. @d cll`t`ad ta tmisi kari eidircj pratiht`ad apt`ads, c pirsad kcy siig ta
prividt chh`lidts `d spih`n`h s`tuct`ads. Chh`lidts ct sic hcd bi prividtil by c ouou tmct hcd adjy
bi kcli by c kcrcbaut ad Xudlcy (Kcrcbaut `d Birinit, pirsadcj hakkud`hct`ad, Oudi 6=,
2636). @n tmi bact tmi wicrir `s ad hcps`zis, mi/smi w`jj dat lrawd. \mi wctir w`jj adjy r`si cs
m`em cs wmiri tmi ouou `s t`il. Jck`d G., cd ikpjayii `d Birinit, hadtists tmct m`s j`ni wcs scvil
by tm`s ouou. Um`ji ouous hcd bi kcli ta prividt cjj sarts an spih`n`h chh`lidts, tmi atmir kast
hakkad adis tmct siik ta bi usil cri nar prividt`ad an chh`lidts cbracl, `d vim`hjis, nrak
cd`kcj b`tis, cdl nrak pavirty.
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Vratiht`ad `d t`kis an vujdircb`j`ty.@d t`kis an vujdircb`j`ty, kcdy piapji siig
pratiht`ad tmrauem tmi pawir an tmi ouou. @t `s sc`l tmct `d k`llji stceis an j`ni, suhm cs
priedcdhy, clajishidhi, cdl kidapcusi, piapji cri kari sushipt`bji ta iv`j (Crhm Kusiuk Ouou
Ixm`b`t, 2636). Nar tm`s ricsad, tmiri cri spih`cj ouous nar t`kis j`gi tmisi. Ct
h`rhukh`s`ad/`d`t`ct`ad hirikad`is, c ouou `s ward ta pratiht tmi wicrir nrak w`thmhrcnt cdl liv`j
o`dds.Gadakcc scnaa `s c ouou kicdt ta bi ward by c priedcdt wakcd ta pratiht mir udbard
hm`jl nrak iv`j o`dds. Bcb`is cdl hm`jlrid mcvi spih`cjjy kcli ouous, antid e`vid ta tmik by c
nck`jy kikbir ct b`rtm.L`dl`dea Xcnaaouous cri bcby ouous tmct cri kicdt ta pratiht cec`dst
skcjj `jjdissis. Kcjcr`c `s ispih`cjjy hads`liril udlir tm`s hctieary. \miri `s cjsa c hm`jlrids
ouou tmct `s kicdt ta bi ward nrak tmi ceis an 2-36 yicrs an cei.
Vratiht`ad nrak tmi jcw.@d hcsis an hadnj`ht w`tm tmi jcw, piapji kcy siig ouous ta
css`st `d hjicr`de tmi`r dckis cdl eitt`de aut an traubji. \mi kcrcbaut `d Birinit spagi c jat
cbaut tmi ouou tmct css`stil piapji `d haurt. Umid sakiadi eais ta haurt cdl `t `s j`gijy tmct tmiy
w`jj bi naudl ta bi eu`jty, tmi pirsad t`is tm`s dukbaouou craudl tmi`r wc`st lur`de tmi tr`cj. By
wicr`de tm`s ouou, tmi pirsad w`jj divir ea ta oc`j. \m`s ouous pawir wcs cttistil ta by Jck`d P.
wma mcl c nr`idl eit aut an haurt wma wcs eu`jty cdl da adi gdiw wmy.
\mi kast hakkad ouou nrak pratiht`ad cec`dst traubji w`tm tmi jcw `s adi tmct nch`j`tctis
nrii kavikidt nrak pjchi ta pjchi w`tmaut hadnj`ht. \m`s wcs ixpjc`dil cs ouou tmct waujl cjjaw
piapji ta trcvij w`tmaut quist`ad`de, hcrry `jjiecj tm`des w`tmaut bi`de l`shaviril, ar ivid hrass
avir ta l`nniridt haudtr`is w`tmaut c pcsspart (Jck`d P., pirsadcj hakkud`hct`ad, Oudi 6=,
2636).
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Vratiht`ad nrak mcrk cdl cb`j`ty ta mcrk.\miri cri typis an ouou s`k`jcr ta tmasi tmct
pratiht nrak mcrk kidt`adil priv`ausjy, but tmct cjsa hadtc`d cd cspiht an pawir tmct cjjaws tmi
wicrir ta siig rividei cec`dst tmasi try`de ta mcrk m`k/mir. \miKcdgccdaaouou `s adi an tmi
kast lcdeiraus, pawirnuj, cdl ceeriss`vi ouous gdawd ta tmi pubj`h (Kcrcbaut `d Birinit,
pirsadcj hakkud`hct`ad, Oudi 2636). Umid c pirsad mcs c prabjik w`tm sakiadi cdl wcdts ta
n`emt m`k, tmi pirsad tmiy cri n`emt`de hcddat mcrk tmik. @n tmi pirsad tr`is ta m`t tmi wicrir, mi
w`jj ncjj lawd. @n mi cttikpts ta ercb tmi wicrir, m`s baly w`jj ea st`nn cdl mi w`jj niij cd ijihtr`h
hurridt sa strade `t w`jj gdahg m`k ta tmi eraudl. @d cd `dtirv`iw, batm Jck`d P. cdl Jck`d G.
hjc`kil ta mcvi awdil tm`s ouou cdl absirvil `ts pawir.
Cdatmir viry strade ouou wcs tmi adi tmct tmi kcrcbaut an Birinit wari, `dtirist`dejy tmi
adjy adi mi wari. @t wcs smcpil cs c r`de cdl ecvi m`k tmiy pawir tmct `n cd iv`j pirsad kit m`k
cdl mcl iv`j `dtidt`ads nar m`k, cdytm`de iv`j tmct pirsad wcs `dtidl`de adta m`k waujl ahhur ta
tmik `dsticl. Nurtmirkari, `n cd iv`j pirsad tr`il ta pa`sad m`s naal, cs mi richmil m`s mcdl ta
ict tmi pa`sadil naal, tmi r`de waujl ncjj ann. \m`s waujl tmiriby sykbaj`zi tmct tmi naal wcs
udscni ta ict.
\a css`st `d eitt`de wmct adi wcdts `d udhadtrajjcbji s`tuct`ads.Ouous tmct css`st `d
eitt`de wmct adi wcdts `d udhadtrajjcbji s`tuct`ads cppicril ta bi tmi kast hadtravirs`cj an tmi
kast hakkad usis nar ouous. \m`s wcs bihcusi `t `dvajvil c pirsad eitt`de wmct mi wcdtil
w`tmaut tmi hads`lirct`ad an wmct tmasi craudl m`k wcdtil. Xpih`n`hcjjy, tmisi cri ouous tmct
`dvajvi bidl`de sakiadis w`jj ta kiit yaur awd. U`tm tm`s typi an ouou sakiadi hcd kcgi
sakiadi javi tmik cdl/ar kcrry tmik. Cll`t`adcjjy, tmiri cri tmasi tmct hcd bi usil ta eit
cmicl `d s`tuct`ads suhm cs ijiht`ads ar ikpjaykidt pas`t`ads. \mi kast pawirnuj an tmisi typis
an ouous `s tmi \urcsaj`kc b`daabihcusi `t wargs cec`dst cdatmir pirsad ta kcgi m`k
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udw`jj`dejy chhipt tmi w`smis an tmi pirsad wma passissis tmi ouou. \m`s ouou `s pjchil `d tmi
mard an c hcjn cdl ward j`gi oiwijry (Crhm Kusiuk Ouou Ixm`b`t, 2636).
Ouous ta css`st `d udhadtrajjcbji s`tuct`ads hcd bi usil nar bidin`h`cj purpasis cs wijj. Nar
ixckpji, kcjis w`tm `kpatidhy kcy siig tmi mijp an tmisi ouous. \mi kcjis `kpatidhy waujl
mcvi ta mcvi bieud `d m`s j`nit`ki cdl hcusi m`k ta bi udcbji ta `kpriedcti m`s w`ni. Umid
wicr`de tm`s ouou, mi waujl bi huril an m`s `jjdiss.
@kprav`de j`nistyji.Ouous livijapil ta `kpravi j`nistyji `dvajvi csg`de nar pawir `d
nujn`jj`de adis pirsadcj w`smis. \miy hcd bi usil ta mijp `d n`dl`de c oab, icsi an trcvij,
ristar`de kidtcj stridetm, riluh`de striss, cdl kari (Kcrcbaut `d Birinit, pirsadcj
hakkud`hct`ad, Oudi 2636). Xtulidts antidt`kis usi tmisi typis an ouous `d arlir ta `kpravi
tmi`r chclik`h pirnarkcdhi. Nar piapji wma cri jicrd`de, but mcv`de l`nn`hujty pcss`de ixcks,
tmiy hcd ea nrak tm`s strueej`de pas`t`ad ta tap rcdg `d tmi`r hjcss. @d arlir ta la tm`s tmi stulidt
waujl br`de m`s pid ta c kcrcbaut, tmi kcrcbaut waujl bjiss `t, cdl tmid tmi stulidt smaujl usi
tm`s pid lur`de m`s ixcks. Nar stulidts wma cri mcv`de l`nn`hujty kikar`z`de wmct tmiy jicrd
nrak shmaaj, c j`qu`l ouou `s prishr`bil. \m`s ouou hadtc`ds madiy cdl eacts k`jg cdl `s kicdt ta
bi lrudg cdl rubbil ad tmi nchi cdl icrs batm ct d`emt cdl `d tmi kard`de binari ict`de.
@kprav`de micjtm.Antidt`kis, wmid piapji mcvi micjtm hadhirds, tmiy w`jj ea ta tmi
kcrcbaut ta rihi`vi c huri nar tmi`r `jjdiss. Kcdy Eckb`cds hjc`k ta prinir v`s`t`de kcrcbauts
hakpcril ta Uistird hj`d`hs bihcusi an tmi qucj`ty an sirv`hi tmiy cri prav`lil w`tm tmiri. \mi
kcrcbaut `d Birinit hjc`kil tmct tmi Majy Garcd hadtc`ds tmi huri nar 06% an cjj `jjdissis.
\mi kast hakkad micjtm hadhirds tmct kcrcbauts prishr`bi ouous nar cri nar `dtirdcj pc`d cdl
si`zuris (\rcl`t`adcj Micjir, pirsadcj hakkud`hct`ad, Oujy 65, 2636).
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Vrahissis @dvajvil `d Abtc`d`de c Ouou
Um`ji tmiri `s suhm c vcst ckaudt an usis nar ouous, wmct stips kust c pirsad ea tmrauem
`d arlir ta chtucjjy abtc`d adi1 \mi n`rst stip tmct c pirsad kust la `s v`s`t c kcrcbaut. C
kcrcbaut `s c typi an trcl`t`adcj micjir wma spih`cj`zis `d Garcd`h stul`is cdl tmi gdawjilei an
ouous (Bicgs, pirsadcj hakkud`hct`ad, Oujy 65, 2636). \mi pirsad w`jj v`s`t tmi kcrcbaut cdl
ixpjc`d wmct tmiy waujl j`gi ta eit c ouou nar. @t w`jj tmid bi kcli `dl`v`lucjjy, upad riquist, by
tmi kcrcbaut. \mi kcrcbaut w`jj n`dl c shr`pturi nrak tmi Garcd tmct rivicjs `tsijn ta m`k cs c
huri nar tmi pirsads prabjik(s) ar hadhird(s). Kcdy kcrcbauts w`jj kcgi ouous nar tmi scki
purpasi but usi l`nniridt shr`pturis ar kitmals. \mi shr`pturis usil cri wr ttid `d Crcb`h shr`pt
cdl cri antidt`kis tmi scki virsis Kusj`ks usi wmid prcy`de.
Umid kcg`de c ouou, tmiri cri ct t`kis hirtc`d r`tucjs tmi kcrcbaut kust najjaw. Xaki
ouous trcl`t`adcjjy cri kcli ad hirtc`d lcys an tmi wiig, t`kis an tmi lcy, ar idv`radkidtcj
hadl`t`ads. \miy cri kast antid kcli ta bi ward ar cs j`qu`l pat`ads. Xakit`kis tmi pirsad
riquist`de tmi ouou w`jj mcvi c hma`hi, atmir t`kis tmi kcrcbaut w`jj najjaw c hirtc`d rih`pi
tmct riqu`ris adi wcy ar tmi atmir. Uard ouous hadtc`d c virsi nrak tmi Garcd `ds`li. Cntir
eitt`de tm`s virsi nrak tmi kcrcbaut, c pirsad kust kcgi c v`s`t ta c habbjir ta mcvi `t siwd w`tm
wmctivir sg`d tmi kcrcbaut `dstruhtil. \miy cri kast antid ward ad tmi wr`st, uppir crk, wc`st,
ar dihg.
J`qu`l ouous `dvajvi tmi kcrcbaut wr`t`de c virsi nrak tmi Garcd ad pcpir, wcsm`de `t
w`tm wctir `ds`li c battji, cdl tmiriby sacg`de tmi shr`pturi `dta tmi j`qu`l. Atmir `deril`idts cri
cllil lipidl`de ad tmi purpasi an tmi ouou. \misi j`qu`l ouous cri wcsmil w`tm ar lrcdg `d c
hirtc`d wcy prishr`bil by tmi kcrcbaut.
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\miri cri l`nniridhis `d tmi ouous lipidl`de ad tmi `dl`v`lucj tmct riquists tmik cdl tmi`r
ud`qui s`tuct`ad. \mi kcrcbaut `d Birinit ijcbarctil ad c niw an tmisi. Eidlir l`nniridhis ahhur
wmid kcg`de c ouou. \miri cri l`nniridt typis nar wakid hakpcril ta kid. Xakit`kis tmi
shr`pturis `ds`li an tmi ouou cri wr`ttid nar c pcrt`hujcr pirsad. @n tmi pirsads dcki `s wr`ttid ad
tmi shr`pturi, tmid adjy mi `s cbji ta usi tmct ouou. Umid c dcki `s dat `dl`hctil `d tmi shr`pturi,
cdyadi hcd usi tmi ouou nar tmi purpasi `t wcs kcli. Ouous adjy warg `n tmiy cri kcli prapirjy
cdl tmi `dl`v`lucj wicr`de tmik najjaws tmi l`riht`ads e`vid ta m`k by tmi kcrcbaut. @n tmi rujis
`dvajvil `d kcg`de ar wicr`de c ouou cri dat najjawil, `t w`jj jasi `ts pawir.
Xupirdcturcj Bij`ins
Xupirdcturcj bij`ins cri jcreijy `dtierctil `dta tmi prcht`hi an wicr`de ouous. Xupirdcturcj
bi`des cri bij`ivil ta mcvi supir`ar pawir hakpcril ta mukcds (Kb`t`, 30=0). \m`s erict pawir,
`d hakb`dct`ad w`tm tmi`r akd`sh`idt prisidhi `d tmi Cnr`hcd v`iw an tmi ud`virsi, wcs lishr`bil
by kcdy Eckb`cds ta `dst`jj nicr cdl udhirtc`dty `d tmi`r warjls. \misi kyst`hcj bi`des cri siid
cs tmi l`htctars an mukcd ncti cdl tmi hcusis nar j`nis vcr`aus mcppid`des. \miy mcvi hadtraj
avir tm`des tmct piapji la dat. Ckade tmisi bi`des, iv`j cdl eaal pawirs ix`st cdl cnniht
mukcds chharl`dejy. Eal `s tmi eavirdar an cjj kyst`hcj bi`des cdl tmi m`emist pawir tmct
mukcds cppicj ta. Rij`e`ad pjcys suhm c prak`didt raji `d Eckb`cd sah`ity cdl ouous cri
hidtrcjjy bcsil ad rij`e`aus bij`ins. \miy la dat mcvi pawir `d tmiksijvis, but `dsticl cri
kicds ta cppicj nar erictir pawir nrak tmasi wma mcvi kari tmcd mukcds la. \mi kc`d
supirdcturcj bij`ins `dvajvil `d tmi usi an ouous cri o`dds, w`thmis, sarhirirs, kce`h, likads, cdl
Eal (Cjjcm).
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\mi supirdcturcj bi`des tmct mcvi eaal pawir cri hcjjil upad nar css`stcdhi. \mi pr`kcry
bi`des hcjjil upad by kcrcbauts ta hricti pawir `d c ouou, cri Eal cdl o`dds (Kcrcbaut `d
Birinits s`stir, pirsadcj hakkud`hct`ad, Oudi 3>, 2636). Um`ji Eal mcs tmi kast pawir `d tmi
ud`virsi, o`dds cri dixt `d suhhiss`ad an tm`s m`ircrhm`hcj pawir. Kcdy kcrcbauts bij`ivi tmct
tmiy wiri e`vid tmi`r pawir tmrauem Eal cdl tmct by `dst`jj`de tmi`r v`rtui `d tmi ouous tmiy
hricti, tmi ouous tmiksijvis cri cppicjs ta tm`s Ealjy pawir (\rcl`t`adcj Micj`de Lcy, Oujy
2636). Atmir kcrcbauts niij tmct tmiy cri cbji ta hcjj upad tmi pawir an eaal o`dds ta css`st `d
tmi`r warg. Nurtmirkari, `n piapji w`sm ta haddiht w`tm eaal o`dds, kcrcbauts kcy mijp tmik
w`tm tm`s prahiss. Eaal sp`r`tucj bi`des la dat oust warg w`tm/tmrauem kcrcbauts, tmiy hcd cjsa
e`vi tmi`r l`riht css`stcdhi ta piapji tmct cht `d c kcddir `d giip`de w`tm Kusj`k rij`e`aus
bij`ins.
Xupirdcturcj bi`des w`tm iv`j pawirs cri nicril by kcdy, ouous cri c nark an linidsi
cec`dst tmik. Cjj diect`vi ividts cri bjckil upad tmi warg an iv`j supirdcturcj bi`des. Harrupt
kcrcbauts cri tmasi tmct mcvi biid sc`l ta hcjj upad iv`j o`dds ta hcusi mcrk ta atmirs (Crsm`ncc
Kil`hcj Hidtri, pirsadcj hakkud`hct`ad, Oujy 63, 2636). \m`s `s cd ixckpji an sarhiry. Ouous
tmct warg ta mcrk atmirs, nar iv`j `dtidt`ads, ar ta mijp bcl piapji cri bij`ivil ta usi tmi pawir
an iv`j o`dds (@dtirdct`adcj Mukcd`st cdl Itm`hcj Yd`ad, 2665).
Iv`j o`dds cri najjawirs an Xctcd. \miy hcusi kidtcj cdl pmys`hcj mcrk ta piapji. Xaki
an tmi`r kc`d cht`ads cri ta hcst spijjs, kcgi piapji ea hrczy, kurlir, cdl passiss piapji
(@dtirdct`adcj Mukcd`st cdl Itm`hcj Yd`ad, 2665). Antidt`kis, kidtcj `jjdissis cri cttr`butil ta
o`dds cdl trictil by ixarh`sk (Kb`t`, 30=0). Umid passiss`de piapji, o`dds cri cbji ta idtir
tmrauem cdy pjchi `d tmi baly. Umid passissil, cd `dl`v`lucj tcgis ad tmi pirsadcj`ty cdl chts
an tmi o`dd passiss`de m`k.
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@d arlir ta prividt iv`j o`dds nrak hcus`de tmik mcrk, piapji hcd wicr ouous hadtc`d`de
cd iqucj ar erictir pawir cdl rispiht o`dds. @n c pirsad l`sturbs ar upsits c o`dd tmiy cri kari
j`gijy ta bi najjawil by adi. O`dds smaujl divir bi nareattid ar diejihtil. @n piapji la, cdy
k`snartudi tmct bincjjs tmik `s antidt`kis cttr`butil ta tmi`r cht`ads.
Hirtc`d piapji mcvi trcl`t`adcjjy biid sc`l ta bi tcreitil by o`dds. Uakid cri kari
pradi ta o`dd passiss`ad tmcd kid bihcusi tmiy cri siid cs wicgir (Crhm Kusiuk Ouou Ixm`b`t,
2636). \mauem wakid cri wicgir cdl kari j`gijy ta bi passissil, o`dds cri kari j`gijy ta
rivicj tmiksijvis ta kid. Iv`j o`dds kcy tikpt kid by cppicr`de ta tmik `d tmi nark an cd
cttrcht`vi wakcd. \misi cppicrcdhis cri tists cdl hcd risujt `d k`snartudi `n tmi kcd e`vis `dta
tmi tikptct`ad. Bcb`is cri kari j`gijy ta bi tcreitil tmcd ajlir piapji. Nurtmirkari, cs
kidt`adil priv`ausjy, tmasi `d trcds`t`adcj stctis cri kari vujdircbji cdl tmirinari kari j`gijy
ta bi cttchgil.
U`thmis, kce`h, cdl likads cri cjj hjasijy `dtirhaddihtil iv`j pawirs prisidt `d tmi
Cnr`hcd v`iw an tmi ud`virsi cdl cjj ncjj udlir tmi hctieary an w`thmhrcnt (@dtirdct`adcj Mukcd`st
cdl Itm`hcj Yd`ad, 2665). U`thmhrcnt `s tmi iv`j ikpjaykidt an kyst`hcj pawir, eidircjjy `d c
sihrit ncsm`ad. @t hcd bi usil by piapji tmct mcvi chhiss ta kyst`hcj pawir nar listruht`vi
purpasis. Kce`h hcd ix`st `d batm eaal cdl iv`j narks. Eaal kce`h `s chhiptil cdl istiikil by
kast sah`it`is. Iv`j kce`h, atmirw`si gdawd cs bjchg kce`h, bcl kce`h, ar sarhiry, `s tmi cdt`-
sah`cj ikpjaykidt an kyst`hcj pawir. Likads cri `dv`s`bji bi`des tmct hcd ict tmi njism an
mukcd bi`des. \miy cri c pcrt an mukcd sah`ity7 tmiy la dat haki nrak cdywmiri.
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Bij`ins an Dad-Bij`ivirs
\mauem tmi prcht`hi an ouous `s ixtrikijy w`lispricl tmrauemaut Cnr`hc, dat iviryadi
bij`ivis `d tmi`r pawir. Um`ji saki kcy hjc`k ta trust `d ouous 366%, atmirs hcjj tmik rubb`sm
ar udiluhctil bij`ins. Eidircjjy, wm`ji prav`dhis cri maki ta cbudlcdt prcht`hi cdl bij`in `d
ouous, urbcd crics cri wmiri piapji tidl ta mcvi c kari Uistird`zil v`iw ad tmi tap`h. @d urbcd
crics `t wcs ncr kari j`gijy ta n`dl sgipt`hs, dad-bij`ivirs, ar tmasi cht`vijy appasil ta ouous.
But wmct `s `t tmct hcusil tmisi piapji dat ta bij`ivi1 Cjsa, maw la tmiy niij cbaut tmasi wma la
bij`ivi1
Kcdy lahtars cri cec`dst tmi prcht`hi an ouous bihcusi tmiy niij tmct by rijy`de ad tm`s
trcl`t`adcj micj`de piapji cri lijcy`de tmi t`ki binari v`s`t`de c masp`tcj cdl tmirinari kcg`de
tmi `jjdiss warsi `d tmi prahiss. @n c pirsad v`s`ts c kcrcbaut cdl `s prishr`bil c ouou, tmiy w`jj
mcvi ta wc`t ta sii wmitmir `t wargs ar dat. @d tm`s t`ki, tmiy haujl bi rihi`v`de hcri `d c
masp`tcj. Pcmcrr Ocjjaw, tmi awdir an c prishmaaj `d Bcgcu, m`emj`emtil tmi `kpartcdhi an tm`s
hadhird wmid smi ixpjc`dil tmct mir prishmaaj hjcssis wiri putt`de ad c pjcy cbaut tmi
`kpartcdhi an hads`lir`de Uistird kil`h`di binari ea`de ta c trcl`t`adcj micjir. \mi pjcy `s
cbaut maw c hm`jl eais ta shmaaj cdl stcrts vak`t`de. \mi tichmirs ct tmi shmaaj hcjj tmi pcridts
ta haki cdl p`hg up tmi hm`jl. \mi pcridts crr`vi cdl ixhjc`k tmct c w`thm wcdts ta murt tmi`r
hm`jl. Xa, `dsticl an ea`de ta tmi masp`tcj, tmiy lih`lil ta tcgi tmi hm`jl ta c kcrcbaut. Ct tmi
kcrcbaut tmiy pcy c jat an kadiy ta rihi`vi trictkidt, tmi hm`jl `s sidt maki, but st`jj rikc`ds
viry s`hg. \mi katmir bie`ds ta hry cdl mir di`embar nr`idl hakis up ta mir cdl `dnarks mir tmct
smi kcli tmi wrade lih`s`ad ta ea ta tmi kcrcbaut n`rst. Xmi sc`l tmct tmi katmir smaujl mcvi
tcgid mir hm`jl ta tmi masp`tcj ta eit tists `dsticl an ta tmi kcrcbaut. \mi katmir j`stids cdl
tcgis tmi hm`jl ta tmi masp`tcj cdl n`dcjjy tmi hm`jl rihavirs nrak mir `jjdiss.
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\m`s pjcy cjsa m`emj`emts cdatmir bij`in an kcdy atmirs cbaut ouous, tmct taa kcdy piapji
cri avirhadn`lidt `d tmi`r pawir. \miy niij tmct piapji cri kari j`gijy ta tcgi r`sgs cdl niij tmct
tmiy cri pratihtil nrak mcrk. Nurtmirkari, kcdy ouous la dat chtucjjy hadtc`d shr`pturis nrak
tmi Garcd cdl tmi wicrir kcy dat ivid gdaw bihcusi tmiy la dat gdaw wmct `s `ds`li tmct ouou.
\miy antid cttr`buti piapjis avirhadn`lidhi ta sijn-nujn`jj`de prapmih`is. \m`s kicds tmct tmiy
ixpiht tmi ouou ta warg sa tmiy chtucjjy jaag nar iv`lidhi cdl usi tm`s iv`lidhi cs praan an tmi
ouous pawir. Chharl`de ta tmik, ouous cri `kpass`bji ta pravi. \miy wiri hakpcril ta tmi
bij`in `d emasts tmct ix`sts `d \mi Yd`til Xtctis.
Cdatmir bij`in cbaut ouous `s tmct tmiy cri ut`j`z`de iv`j pawirs cdl tmirinari cri iv`j `d
tmiksijvis. C kcd ct tmi Crsm`ncc Kil`hcj Hidtri, c trcl`t`adcj micj`de hidtir, stctil tmct, Kast
an tmi kcrcbauts cri miri ta listray. Xarhiry `s tmi warg an tmi kcrcbaut7 tmiy w`jj warg nar tmi
o`dd `d arlir ta eit mijp nrak tmik. Mi hjc`kil tmct kcrcbauts la tm`s warg w`tm o`dds `d arlir
ta kcgi piapji j`gi tm`des tmiy mcti, ar la tm`des tmct tmiy waujl divir wcdt ta la. By la`de
tm`s ta piapji, tmiy cri tcg`de cwcy tmi`r r`emt ta kcgi lih`s`ads. \miy bij`ivil tmct `d tmi
nist`vcjs likadstrct`de tmi pawir an ouous, `t `s dat tmi ouous e`v`de tmisi piapji pawir, `t `s o`dds
cdl liv`js warg`de tmrauem tmik.
\mi kast hakkad rispadsi nrak dad-bij`ivirs cbaut tmi usi an ouous wcs tmct tmiy cri
cec`dst Eal cdl @sjck bij`ins. Kcdy niij tmct c ouou `s ncr taa s`k`jcr ta cd `laj. \m`s `s tmi bij`in
an tmi hjirey `d Kihhc, wma mcvi bcddil ouous wmid v`s`t`de tmi majy h`ty. \mi Kusj`k hjirey
tmiri wcdt tmik ircl`hctil. Viapji smaujl dat niij tmct tmi ouou `s e`v`de tmik eaal nartudi ar
pratiht`ad, but tmct tm`s pawir hakis strc`emt nrak Eal. @n piapji bij`ivi kari `d tmi ouous, tmid
tmiy bij`ivi jiss `d Eal. \miy kcy tm`dg tmct tmi ouous cri pratiht`de tmik, but @sjck scys tmct
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Eal `s tmi adjy adi tmct pratihts. @d @sjck `t `s cec`dst Eals w`jj ta scy tmi ouou pratihtil yau
cdl dat Eal.
Eal `s cjj pawirnuj cdl m`s w`jj smaujl bi najjawil . \m`s wcs adhi pmrcsil cs,
Cdytm`de tmct mcppids `ts bihcusi an Eal tmct `t mcppids, sa @jj jit `t bi. By cttikpt`de ta
hmcdei Eals pjcds, adi `s prcht`h`de c schr`jie`aus bij`in. @dsticl an rijy`de ad c p`ihi an pcpir,
piapji smaujl prcy. @n tmiy cri `jj`tircti, tmiy smaujl ea ta tmi kasqui cdl riquist cd arcj prcyir.
\misi cri kcdy an tmi bij`ins ixprissil cec`dst tmi prcht`hi an ouous by dad-bij`ivirs `d \mi
Eckb`c.
L`shuss`ad
\mrauemaut cjj an tmi `dnarkct`ad @ mcvi naudl `d ky risicrhm cbaut ouous cdl tmi`r
eidircj prcht`hi, c quist`ad tmct mcs hrassil ky k`dl avir cdl avir cec`d, `s wmct `s `t tmct
kcgis piapji niij tmct tmiy diil tmisi hmcrks1 Bcsil ad ky risicrhm @ mcvi haki up w`tm
kujt`pji iluhctil tmiar`is ta tm`s quist`ad. \mi pr`kcry ricsads @ niij tmct piapji wcdt ouous `s
bihcusi an l`ssct`sncht`ad w`tm Uistird masp`tcj prcht`his cdl ta usi cs c kicds an pratiht`ad
nrak supirdcturcj bi`des `d tmi ud`virsi tmct cri `dnjuidh`de tmi`r nctis. \mi raji an kyst`hcj
bi`des `d pcrt`hujcr lrcws piapji ta niij tmi diil nar ouous. \m`s `s tmi pa`dt tmct iviry saurhi @
naudl suppartil.
Idtir`de `dta c Uistird hj`d`h `s dat cs dcturcj nar Cnr`hcds cs `t `s nar us cs Ckir`hcds,
cs kcdy Eckb`cds ripartil lis`r`de ta n`rst rihi`vil trictkidt nrak trcl`t`adcj micjirs, rctmir
tmcd by Uistird kil`h`di. Vcrt an trcl`t`adcj Cnr`hcd bij`in `s ta v`s`t trcl`t`adcj micjirs wmid `jj.
\misi micjirs w`jj hcjj upad Eal ta micj, bihcusi mi `s tmi ujt`kcti pawir `d tmi ud`virsi. \m`s
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rij`e`aus cspiht an tmi micjirs cppicjs ta tmi strade rij`e`aus cspiht an Cnr`hcd sah`ity. Ad tmi
atmir mcdl, Uistird masp`tcjs siik ta cht `d c wcy tmct `s l`shaddihtil w`tm rij`e`ad.
N`euri
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Ad tmi hadtrcry ta tm`s pjicscdt v`s`t, v`s`t`de tmi Vajy Hj`d`h `d Bcdouj wcs c hmcat`h,
rusmil, cdl `kpirsadcj idv`radkidt. @d c skcjj raak, craudl 39x39 niit, w`tm piapji hak`de `d
cdl aut, tmiri wiri twa dursis cdl adi Hubcd psyhm`ctr`st. @d adi siss`ad @ w`tdissil, cntir
craudl n`vi k`dutis an tauhm`de cdl smcjjaw quist`ad`de c kcd wma mcl biid brauemt `d by tmi
paj`hi nar bi`de c suspihtil judct`h, c l`cedas`s wcs kcli. Dat adjy wcs tmi l`cedas`s kcli
mcst`jy, but, ct jicst ta ki, `t siikil ta kcgi da sidsi bcsil ad tmi kcds hadl`t`ad cdl
rispadsis. Nurtmirkari, tmi kcd wcs `dtirraectil lur`de tmi l`cedast`h ixck cbaut m`s ar`e`d
cdl chhusil an bi`de cd `jjiecj `kk`ercdt nrak Kcj`. Mi wcs l`cedasil w`tmaut nurtmir
quist`ad`de, `doihtil w`tm saki g`dl an kil`h`di, e`vid c prishr`pt`ad, cdl ujt`kctijy tajl tmct
cntir mi micjil, mi waujl bi sidt ta `kk`erct`ad sirv`his cdl bchg ta Kcj`. @d s`tuct`ads j`gi
tmisi, `t lais dat siik surpr`s`de tmct adi kcy hmaasi trcl`t`adcj micj`de kitmals binari
Uistird masp`tcjs/hj`d`hs.
Umct siiks ta bi tmi jcreist hakpadidt an tmi lis`ri ta wicr ouous `s haddihtil ta
Cnr`hcd supirdcturcj bij`ins. Icrj`ir @ l`shussil tmi supirdcturcj bi`des tmct pjcyil c raji `d tmi
prcht`hi an ouous. Pit, wmct lais tmi raji an tmisi sp`r`tucj bi`des rinjiht cbaut Cnr`hcd bij`ins cs
c wmaji1 \mi pr`kcry raji tmct sp`r`tucj bi`des pjcy `s tmct tmiy e`vi hcusi nar wmy tm`des
mcppid ta piapji. @d atmir warls, tmiy cttikpt ta ixpjc`d tmi udixpjc`dcbji. Cs stctil
priv`ausjy, Kb`t` (30=0) ixpjc`ds tmi bij`in `s tmct datm`de mcppids by hmcdhi, but `dsticl
ivirytm`de `s hcusil by kyst`hcj pawir. Mi cjsa stctis, bcsil ad m`ircrhm`hcj pawir ercl`idt
rijctil ta cei, tmct kyst`hcj pawir an sp`r`tucj bi`des `s erictir tmcd cdy pawir c mukcd haujl
mcvi. Um`ji saki mukcds, suhm cs kcrcbauts, cri tmauemt ta mcvi tmi cb`j`ty ta tcp `dta tm`s
pawir, `t `s dat tmi`r awd. \m`s pawir `s wmct tmi ouou `s sc`l ta passiss tmrauem Eal7 `t `s tmi
pawir tmct `s prividt`dekyst`hcj bi`des nrak hcus`de bcl tm`desta mcppid. U`tmaut `t, mukcds
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waujl bi hakpjitijy ct tmi kirhy an cdatmir. \m`s `s ispih`cjjy udncvarcbji wmid bi`des suhm cs
iv`j o`dds, w`thmis, cdl likads cri tmauemt ta `dmcb`t tmi warjl. @t `s mukcd dcturi ta wcdt ta
niij `d hmcrei an yaur nuturi cdl tmi ividts tmct j`ni hcd tmraw yaur wcy. @n piapji cri kcli ta
bij`ivi tmct tmiy mcvi c raji `d ncti, tmiy cri j`gijy ea`de ta tcgi tmct appartud`ty. Uicr`de c ouou
`s la`de oust tmct.
\mi erictir pawir tmct kyst`hcj bi`des mcvi avir mukcds rijctis ta tmi eidircj prcht`hi
tmct tmi ajlir sakiadi `s tmi kari pawir tmiy mcvi `d Cnr`hcd sah`cj sah`ity (Kb`t`, 30=0). Kb`t`
ijcbarctis ad tm`s `lic `dCnr`hcd Rij`e`ads cdl Vm`jasapm`is. \mi bij`in `s tmct tmi ud`virsi
wargs `d c m`ircrhm`hcj ncsm`ad, w`tm Eal mcv`de tmi kast, tmid o`dds cdl atmir kyst`hcj bi`des,
cdl tmid mukcds.Umid hads`lir`de warjljy bi`des, tmi ajlir c pirsad `s cdl tmi m`emir m`s
sah`cj stctus `s, tmi kari mi `s tmauemt ar ixpihtil ta mcvi chhiss ta kyst`hcj pawir, i`tmir `d
m`ksijn ar tmrauem tmi passiss`ad an tmi aboihts `d wm`hm `t kcy bi staril. \mi ajlir c pirsad `s,
tmi hjasir tmiy cri v`iwil ta tmi stctus an m`emir kyst`hcj bi`des. @t siiks ta kcgi sidsi, e`vid
tm`s `dnarkct`ad, tmct kcrcbauts cri pcrt`hujcrjy istiikil by tmasi tmct bij`ivi `d tmi`r pawir
bihcusi `t hakis nrak c m`emir, cdl tmirinari kari pawirnuj, stcti an ix`stidhi. @d ky
`dtirv`iws @ naudl kujt`pji piapji wma nijt tmct ajlir kcrcbauts wiri bittir tmcd yaudeir adis.
\m`s tidlidhy nar piapji ta trust tmi ajlir, kari ixpir`idhil kcrcbauts kari tmcd tmi`r sads
wma tcgi avir tmi`r pas`t`ad kcy rijcti ta tmi m`ircrhmy an pawir l`shussil cbavi.
Um`ji tmi m`ircrhmy an pawir `d kyst`hcj bi`des cdl mukcds partrcys sakitm`de cbaut
Cnr`hcd bij`ins, `t cjsa prav`lis cd ixpjcdct`ad nar wmy piapji siig ouous nar pratiht`ad. \mi iv`j
kyst`hcj bi`des `d tmi ud`virsi hcddat bi hadtrajjil by mukcd pawir. \miy cri ub`qu`taus cdl
trcvij `d tmi w`dl (Kb`t`, 30=0). @t `s `kpass`bji ta `edari tmi `kpcht an suhm bi`des ad tmi j`vis
an iviry lcy Cnr`hcds cs iviry ividt nrak kakidtcry k`snartudi ta `jjdiss cdl ivid lictm cri
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cttr`butil l`rihtjy ta tmik. \mirinari, hmcrks tmct cri bij`ivil ta cppicj ta iqucj, ar m`emir,
pawir cri usil. Eal `s tmi pr`kcry saurhi an pawir `d tmi ud`virsi, cdl `t `s nrak tm`s saurhi
tmct ouous cjsa tcgi tmi`r pawir. Umid Kusj`ks cri `jj`tircti cdl tmirinari strueeji ta ricl tmi
Garcd, tmiy cri st`jj cbji ta cppicj ta Eal `d tm`s ncsm`ad. \m`s haddiht`ad ta Eal `s haknart`de
cdl ricssur`de nar kcdy.
\mi bij`in tmct wakid cri kari pradi ta iv`j o`dd passiss`ad tmcd kid partrcys
`dnarkct`ad cbaut eidlir b`csis `d Cnr`hcd hujturi. @t smaws tmct wakid cri siid cs wicgir tmcd
kid. Nurtmirkari, `t `s j`gijy tmct bimcv`ars `d wakid tmct liv`cti nrak tmi hujturcj dark cri
bjckil ad o`dd passiss`ad kari antid tmcd tmiy cri `d kid. @d ky ap`d`ad, tm`s kcy bi bihcusi
tmi raji an kid `d sah`ity `s jiss str`ht tmcd `t `s nar wakid. \miri cri niwir ixpihtct`ads nar
tmik ta cht `d c pcrt`hujcr kcddir, tmiy mcvi kari nriilak, cdl tmirinari cri dat shrut`d`zil cs
micv`jy nar tmi`r bimcv`ars ar cht`ads. @ hcki ta tm`s hadhjus`ad bcsil ad ky ixpir`idhis wmid
j`v`de `d \mi Eckb`c cdl `dtircht`de w`tm wakid cdl kid tmiri. \mi wakid wiri ixpihtil ta
warg `d tmi n`ijls, hajjiht cjj tmi naal, ea ta tmi kcrgit, cdl haag w`tmaut hakpjc`dt. Ad tmi
atmir mcdl, kid wiri kari j`gijy ta bi naudl rijcx`de udlir tmi smcli, oag`de craudl, cdl la`de
jiss pmys`hcjjy likcdl`de warg. Uakid wiri antidt`kis trictil `d c kcddir tmct sueeistil
tmiy wiri ixpihtil ta cht subsirv`idtjy cdl `d j`di w`tm tmi`r lc`jy rajis.
\m`s bij`in tmct wakid cri kari pradi ta iv`j o`dd passiss`ad kcy cjsa bi c risujt an
strissnuj cht`v`t`is wm`hm kcy jicl ta sykptaks cssah`ctil w`tm passiss`ad. Xaki ixckpjis an
hakkad strissnuj ividts nar wakid @ absirvil `d tmi Eckb`c wiri jchg an micjtm sirv`his
lur`de pmys`hcjjy strc`d`de t`kis j`gi priedcdhy, hm`jl b`rtm cdl ricr`de, cdl tmi strc`d ad c
katmir w`tm sivircj g`ls. \misi t`kis wiri m`emj`emtil by c lahtar an tmi kil`hcj hidtri `d
Ocdocdburcy. Uakid `d \mi Eckb`c wiri ixpihtil ta pjcy tmi raji an rc`s`de tmi hm`jlrid cdl
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prav`l`de naal nar tmi`r nck`j`is. @d s`tuct`ads an pavirty, kari hm`jlrid hcd jicl ta erictir
striss. @d arlir ta n`dl t`ki ta pripcri ichm kicj, wm`hm tcgis maurs nar ichm adi, cs wijj cs tidl
ta mir hm`jlrid, c katmir kcy bi udlir erictir striss tmcd mir musbcdl. \m`s striss kcy hcusi
sykptaks s`k`jcr ta tmasi haddihtil w`tm o`dd passiss`ad.
Nuturi Risicrhm
Nar stulidts `d tmi nuturi wma waujl bi `dtiristil `d tmi stuly an ouous, tmiri cri kcdy
quist`ads aut tmiri tmct mcvi yit ta bi cdswiril. Ouous cri c ncsh`dct`de suboiht bihcusi tmi
bij`ins surraudl`de tmik cri dat sit `d stadi. Ydj`gi kcdy rij`e`aus bij`ins, tmiri `s dat adi baag
usil cs c eu`li nar kcg`de ouous. Iviry kcrcbaut mcs c l`nniridt baag, w`tm l`nniridt virsis.
Iviry kcrcbaut cjsa l`nnirs `d wmct mi/smi rihakkidls, maw mi bij`ivis mi eits m`s pawirs,
cdl `d m`s/mir eidircj prcht`hi. @t waujl bi viry `dtirist`de ta hakpcri cdl hadtrcst kitmals tmct
kcrcbauts usi `d rurcj virsus urbcd crics. Cjsa, la kcrcbaut prcht`his `d kcg`de ouous l`nnir
erictjy nrak tr`bi ta tr`bi1
Nurtmirkari, tmiri siiks ta bi cd `dtirist`de hadtravirsy bitwiid tmi m`star`hcj bij`in `d
ouous cdl tmi @sjck`h v`iw ad tmi prcht`hi. Kcdy piapji stctil tmct @sjck`h hjirey cri cttikpt`de
ta ircl`hcti tmi prcht`hi cdl tmct ouous cri bcddil nrak Kihhc. \miri `s tcjg tmct tmiy cri taa
s`k`jcr ta `lajs cdl tmct tmiy lrcw cttidt`ad cwcy nrak bi`de hakk`ttil ta prcht`h`de j`gi c
livaut Kusj`k. @t waujl bi `dtirist`de ta ixpjari tmi ap`d`ads an tmasi `d tmi @sjck`h hmurhm `d
hakpcr`sad ta tmasi `d tmi v`jjcei. Cjsa, maw lais ichm `dl`v`lucj eraup niij cbaut tmi atmir1
Um`ji tmisi cri saki `lics nar nuturi rijctil risicrhm praoihts, `t cjsa kcy bi mijpnuj nar
tmasi pjcdd`de ta stuly ouous ta jicrd saki clv`hi @ jicrdil tmrauemaut ky risicrhm. N`rst, bi
hcrinuj ta cpprachm tm`s risicrhm tap`h w`tm tmi jicst sgipt`h`sk pass`bji. \misi cri atmir
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piapjis bij`ins cdl da adi j`gis ta mcvi tmik bij`ttjil ar trictil j`gi supirst`t`ad. \mauem tm`s
kast j`gijy waujl dat bi ladi kcj`h`ausjy, `t `s `d tmi dcturi an Ckir`hcds ta quist`ad tm`des
udpravid by sh`idhi.
Xihadl, stip auts`li an yaur haknart zadi. @ rihakkidl csg`de quist`ads tmct kcy kcgi
yau niij g`dl an dc`vi. Nar ixckpji, @ antid csgil, Umct `s w`thmhrcnt1 ar Umiri la sp`r`ts
j`vi1 Um`ji tmisi cri dat quist`ads piapji waujl dihisscr`jy tcjg cbaut `d Ckir`hc, tmiy cri dat
aut an pjchi `d Cnr`hcd hujturi. Giip `d k`dl tmct yau cri dat `d tmi sah`ity tmct yau eriw up `d
cdl `d kcdy Cnr`hcd sah`it`is tmi warjl w`jj bi v`iwil `d c wcy viry nari`ed yau. Ivid `n yau
tm`dg tmct yau gdaw wmct tmisi tm`des cri, csg cdywcy, cdl mcvi tmik lin`dil by c kikbir an
tmi sah`ity yau cri ixpjar`de. La dat bi qu`hg ta rioiht tm`s typi an tm`dg`de, but `dsticl cttikpt
ta `kkirsi yaursijn `dta `t. \m`s w`jj cjjaw yau ta bittir udlirstcdl piapji tmct yau `dtirv`iw, cs
wijj cs yaur tap`h.
\m`rl, cht`vijy smaw tmct yau cri cttikpt`de ta `kkirsi yaursijn `d tmi dct`vi hujturi.
\m`s w`jj hcusi tmi dct`vis ta rispiht yau cdl trust yau kari. @t w`jj pcvi tmi wcy nar kari
hadvirsct`ad `d erictir litc`j. Xaki wcys ta la tm`s cri by warg`de w`tm nck`j`is, jicrd`de tmi
jcdeucei (cs wijj cs yau hcd), prcht`h`de prapir it`quitti, cdl bi`de apid ta hadvirsct`ad w`tm
strcdeirs. Eriit`des, c hakb`dct`ad an jcdeucei cdl it`quitti gdawjilei, cri hidtrcjjy `kpartcdt
`d \mi Eckb`c. \mi cb`j`ty ta eriit c Eckb`cd `d m`s/mir dct`vi jcdeucei cdl ea tmrauem tmi
r`tucj eriit`des prcht`hil sa antid wcs trujy `s tmi kast inniht`vi `hi bricgir `d ky ap`d`ad. @t
smaws innart, `dtirist, cdl cd cttikpt ta sii tm`des nrak cd ik`h pa`dt an v`iw. Pau cri vcju`de
Eckb`cd vcjuis. \m`s w`jj apid kcdy laars cdl appartud`t`is wmirivir yau hmaasi ta stuly.
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Chgdawjileikidts
@ wcdt ta scy c spih`cj tmcdg yau ta cjj an tmi cbsajutijy ckcz`de piapji tmct mijpil ki
w`tm tm`s risicrhm praoiht. N`rst an cjj, ta ky psyhmajaey pranissar, Libb`i ALaddijj, nar
chhakpcdy`de ki ta dukiraus `dtirv`iws, mijp`de ki kcgi haddiht`ads w`tm diw piapji, sit
up kiit`des, cdl avircjj `dhrics`de tmi liptm an ky udlirstcdl`de an batm psyhmajaey cdl
Eckb`cd hujturi. Cjsa, nar suppart`de us cjj tmrauemaut t`kis an hujturi-smahg `d \mi Eckb`c
cdl kat`vct`de us ta giip risicrhm`de `d tmi k`lst an tcg`de `d aur diw idv`radkidt. @ waujl
cjsa j`gi ta tmcdg tmi hrictar cdl haarl`dctar an tmi praerck, B`jj Rabirts. \mid, an haursi, @ ck
erictjy tmcdgnuj tawcrls tmi haudtjiss Eckb`cds @ kit cjade ky tr`p tmct mijpil ki `d sa kcdy
wcys.
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Riniridhis
Cjixcdlir, Li`d, & Dcp`ir (266=). O`dd, psyhm`ctry cdl hadtistil dat`ads an k`snartudi ckade
icst jadlad bcdejclism`s. \rcdshujturcj Vsyhm`ctry, Oujy 2636.
Hckcrc, Akcr. Oak Bade Bcd \cde Hujturcj Hckp Ihha, Birinit, \mi Eckb`c? 35 Oudi 2636.
@dtirdct`adcj Mukcd`st cdl Itm`hcj Yd`ad (2665). Xupirst`t`ad cdl w`thmhrcnt `d cnr`hc.
Ritr`ivil nrak mttp?//www.`miu.are/dali/2=9>
Ocbb`i, Gcbbc. Oak Bade Bcd \cde Hujturcj Hckp Ihha, Birinit, \mi Eckb`c? 3< Oudi 2636.
Ocjjaw, Pcmcrr. Pcmcrrs Vrishmaaj, Bcgcu, \mi Eckb`c? 63 Oujy 2636.
O`bbc-Kcdocga, Jck`d. Bcgcu, \mi Eckb`c? 3= Oudi 2636.
Ouou Kusiuk Ixm`b`t (Oudi & Oujy 2636). Crhm Kusiuk. Bcdouj, \mi Eckb`c.
Gcssckc, B`dtc. Oak Bade Bcd \cde Hujturcj Hckp Ihha, Birinit, \mi Eckb`c? 39 Oudi 2636.
Gi`tc, Jck`d. Oak Bade Bcd \cde Hujturcj Hckp Ihha, Birinit, \mi Eckb`c? 35 Oudi 2636.
Kcrcbaut. Oak Bade Bcd \cde Hujturcj Hckp Ihha, Birinit, \mi Eckb`c? 6> Oudi 2636.
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Kb`t`, O. X. (30=0).Cnr`hcd rij`e`ads cdl pm`jasapmy. Oarlcd M`jj, Axnarl? Mi`dikcdd
Iluhct`adcj Vubj`smirs.
Dursis. Vajy Hj`d`h, Bcdouj, \mi Eckb`c? 20 Oudi 2636.
Xckbau, @smkc`jc. Oak Bade Bcd \cde Hujturcj Hckp Ihha, Birinit, \mi Eckb`c? 39 Oudi
2636.
Xcdycde, Akcr. Oak Bade Bcd \cde Hujturcj Hckp Ihha, Birinit, \mi Eckb`c? 3< Oudi 2636.
X`l`bim. \rcl`t`adcj Micj`de Lcy, Bcdouj, \mi Eckb`c? Oujy 2636.
X`jjcm, Bcbauhcrr. Bcdouj, \mi Eckb`c? 62 Oujy 2636.
\mcyir, O. (30=8). Dcturi, hujturi, cdl tmi supirdcturcj ckade tmi susu.Ckir`hcd
Cdtmrapajae`hcj Cssah`ct`ad, 36(3), pe. 33>-382. Ritr`ivil nrak
mttp?//www.ostar.are/stcbji/>