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Using The Behavioral Approach
Define and contrast the three types of behavioral learning theories (contiguity, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning), giving examples of how each can be used in the classroom.
Developed by W. Huitt & J. Hummel (1999)
Behavior Modification Techniques
There are five categories of activities that can be addressed with behavior modification techniques:
Adapted from: Krumboltz, J., & Krumboltz, H. (1972). Changing children's
behavior. New York: Prentice-Hall.
• Develop a new behavior
• Strengthen a behavior
• Maintain an established behavior
• Stop inappropriate behavior
• Modify emotional behavior
Behavior Modification Techniques
Develop a new behavior
Successive Approximatio
n Principle
To teach a child to act in a manner in which he has seldom or never before behaved, reward successive steps to the final behavior (also called shaping).
Behavior Modification Techniques
Develop a new behavior
Continuous Reinforcement
Principle
To develop a new behavior that the child has not previously exhibited, arrange for an immediate reward after each correct performance.
Behavior Modification Techniques
Develop a new behavior
Negative Reinforcement
Principle
To increase a child's performance in a particular way, arrange for him to avoid or escape a mild aversive situation by improving his behavior or by allowing him to avoid the aversive situation by behaving appropriately.
Behavior Modification Techniques
Develop a new behavior
Cueing Principle
To teach a child to remember to act at a specific time, arrange for him to receive a cue for the correct performance just before the action is expected rather than after he has performed it incorrectly.
Behavior Modification Techniques
Strengthen a new behavior
Decreasing Reinforcement Principle
To encourage a child to continue performing an established behavior with few or no rewards, gradually require a longer time period or more correct responses before a correct behavior is rewarded.
Behavior Modification Techniques
Strengthen a new behavior
Variable Reinforcement Principle
To improve or increase a child's performance of a certain activity, provide the child with an intermittent reward.
Behavior Modification Techniques
Maintain an established behavior
Substitution Principle
To change reinforcers when a previously effective reward is no longer controlling behavior, present it just before (or as soon as possible to) the time you present the new, hopefully more effective reward.
Behavior Modification Techniques
Stop an inappropriate behavior
Satiation Principle
To stop a child from acting in a particular way, you may allow him to continue (or insist that he continue) performing the undesired act until he tires of it.
Behavior Modification Techniques
Stop an inappropriate behavior
Extinction Principle
To stop a child from acting in a particular way, you may arrange conditions so that he receives no rewards following the undesired act.
Behavior Modification Techniques
Stop an inappropriate behavior
Incompatible Alternative
Principle
To stop a child from acting in a particular way, you may reward an alternative action that is inconsistent with or cannot be performed at the same time as the undesired act.
Behavior Modification Techniques
Stop an inappropriate behavior
Response Cost
Principle
To stop a child from acting in a certain way, remove a pleasant stimulus immediately after the action occurs. Since response cost results in increased hostility and aggression, it should only be used infrequently and in conjunction with reinforcement.
Behavior Modification Techniques
Modify emotional behavior
Avoidance Principle
To teach a child to avoid a certain type of situation, simultaneously present to the child the situation to be avoided (or some representation of it) and some aversive condition (or its representation).
Behavior Modification Techniques
Modify emotional behavior
Fear Reduction
Principle
To help a child overcome his fear of a particular situation, gradually increase his exposure to the feared situation while he is otherwise comfortable, relaxed, secure or rewarded.