Download - Bee & Boyd, Lifespan Development, Chapter 15
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Chapter 15:
Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood
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In This Chapter
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Physical Changes
Diverse physical development in middle adulthood
Primary aging Secondary aging
More research on midlife is needed!
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Physical Changes The Brain and Nervous System
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Physical ChangesThe Brain and Nervous System
Behavioral choices and mental health affect brain
Circulatory system health affects parts of brain involved with memory, planning, and processing speed
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Physical ChangesThe Reproductive System: Males
Climacteric: Loss of reproductive capacity
Slight decline in quantity of viable sperm produced
Very slow drop in testosterone
Erectile dysfunction or impotence increases
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Physical ChangesMenopause in Women
Timing
Cessation of menses
Secular trend
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Physical ChangesMenopause Phases
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Physical ChangesHormone Therapy (HT)
Hormone therapy: Progesterone and estrogen administration Women’s Health Initiative Study Protocol Findings
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Physical ChangesThe Pros and Cons of Hormone Therapy (HT)
Results from Women’s Health Initiative (WHI, 2002)
PROS Reduction of hot flashes Protection against osteoporosis
CONS Long-term use related to increased risk of
breast and ovarian cancers No protection against cardiovascular disease
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Physical ChangesMenopause: Psychological Effects
Research mixed on menopausal effects
Negativity and overall life stressors affect moods
Severe symptoms of sleep deprivation may related to additional anxiety
Ethnic influences
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Physical ChangesMenopause: Psychological Effects
Does ethnicity influences attitudes about menopause and aging?
Let’s look at the next slide and see!
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Figure 15.1 Ethnicity and Women’s Attitudes about Aging
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Physical ChangesMenopause: Sexual Activity
Most remain sexually active, but with some decline in frequency.
Demands of other roles compete with time for sex.
Increasing illnesses explain declines.
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Physical ChangesSkeletal System
Osteoporosis begins around 30 for women—and men
Loss of estrogens and progesterone in women
Improved by regular weight-bearing exercise
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Physical ChangesVision: Loss of Visual Acuity
Presbyopia: Farsightedness
Eye lens thickens
Total amount of light reaching the retina decreases
Reduced focus adjustment
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Physical ChangesHearing
Presbycusis: Auditory nerve and structures in the inner ear gradually deteriorate Accelerates after 55 Occurs in high and low frequencies Both primary aging and secondary aging
effects occur
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Stop and Think
Why is there a different stereotype about the use of glasses versus hearing aids?
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UPDATE
Figure 15.2 Trends in U.S. Life Expectancy
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Fill in the blank
No single variable affects quality of life in middle and late adulthood as much as _____.
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Health and WellnessCardiovascular Disease (CVD) Overview
CVD: Disease process in heart and circulatory system that accounts for 25% yearly death
Myocardial infarction and atherosclerosis
Majority of Americans have at least one risk factor; risks are cumulative
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Health and Wellness Cardiovascular Disease: Personality and
Health
Friedman and Rosenman Personality Patterns
Type A
Type B
Type D
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Health and Wellness Cancer
Second leading cause of death for adults 45+ years
Risk factors similar to heart disease Good health habits early on reduces risks Dietary fat role is controversial risk factor Some cancer caused by infectious agents
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Looking at your parents, what risk factors do they have for cancer or heart disease? What are controllable variables in your life that could lead to reduced risk for these diseases?
What cognitive functions or physical would you miss the most if they begin to deteriorate as you age? Why?
Questions To PonderQuestions To PonderQuestions To PonderQuestions To Ponder
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Health and Wellness Gender and Health
Men’s life expectancy less than women’s
Women have greater ability to recover Women recover higher
levels of physical functioning from heart attacks than men
Men have fewer diseases and disabilities that limit daily activity
Men die of CVD at higher rates than women.
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Health and Wellness Socioeconomic Class, Race, and Health
• Social class discrepancies in secondary aging
• Occupational level and education differences
• Ethnicity related to overall health
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Health and WellnessEthnicity and Gender: Cardiovascular
Disease
Cardiovascular Disease: Heart attack and stroke
Ethnicity influences
Risk factors by gender
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Health and WellnessSocioeconomic Class, Race, and Health
Diabetes Growing for all racial groups Risk factor for CVD, blindness and kidney
failure Race differences
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Health and WellnessSocioeconomic Class, Ethnicity, and Health
Cancer Incidence and race Failure to receive screening and care Prevention strategies
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Health and Wellness Alcoholism
Alcoholism: Physical and psychological dependence on alcohol Incidence by gender Risk (alcohol x aging) Long-term effects
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Cognitive FunctioningOverview
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Cognitive FunctioningPhysical and Cognitive Aging
Denny’s model of physical and cognitive aging
Typical curve of age-related changes Effects of exercise of the skill or ability Underlying age-related decay curves
Let’s take a closer look!
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Figure 15.3 Denney’s Model of Physical and Cognitive Aging
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Cognitive FunctioningPhysical Decline and Compensation
Baltes and Baltes’s model of selective optimization
Physical declines create selective optimization with compensation to combat aging effects
Selective optimization strategies
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Health and Cognitive Functioning
Schie’s Analysis of Seattle Longitudinal Study
Earlier cardiovascular disease related to earlier and larger declines on intellectual tests
Exercise lowers mortality risks Physical activity related to maintenance of
cognitive functions
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Figure 15.4 Exercise and Mortality
Figure 15.5
What do these data tell you?
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Cognitive FunctioningMemory
Memory: Subjective experience of forgetfulness
Visual memory
Overcoming perceived memory limitations
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Cognitive FunctioningSemantic and Episodic Memories
Do you know the difference?
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Cognitive FunctioningPracticed and Unpracticed Skills
Why does practice matter? Helps maintain or gain cognitive skill Helps compensate for age-related deficits in
cognitive functioning Provide practice of different strategies to
remember expository text
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Cognitive FunctioningCreativity
Creativity: Ability to produce original, appropriate and valuable ideas or solutions to problems
Simonton studied creativity and productivity of thousands of notable scientists
Best work produced around 40; outstanding work published in 50s
What will you be doing when you are 40 years old?
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Cognitive FunctioningCreativity
Goleman’s stages focus on divergent thinking