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BASICS OF WAVEFORM INTERPRETATION
Michael Haines, MPH, RRT-NPS, AE-C
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Objectives
• Identify graphic display options provided by mechanical ventilators.
• Describe how to use graphics to more appropriately adjust the patient
ventilator interface.
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Monitoring and analysis of graphic display of curves and loops during mechanical
ventilation has become a useful and popular way to determine not only how patient are being ventilated but also a way to assess problems occurring during ventilation.
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Uses of Flow, Volume, and Pressure Graphic Display
• Confirm mode functions• Detect auto-PEEP• Determine P-V synchrony• Assess and adjust trigger levels• Measure the work of breathing• Adjust tidal volume and minimize overdistension • Assess the effect of bronchodilator administration• Detect equipment malfunctions• Determine appropriate PEEP level
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Uses of Flow, Volume, and Pressure Graphic Display
• Evaluate adequacy of inspiratory time in pressure control ventilation
• Detect the presence and rate of continuous leaks• Assess inspiratory termination criteria during
Pressure Support Ventilation• Determine appropriate Rise Time
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The graphic display of flow, pressure and volume is generally visualized in two
formats:
WaveformsLoops
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Most Commonly used Waveforms
• Pressure vs. Time
• Flow vs. Time
• Volume vs. Time
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Pressure vs. Time Curve
1 2 3 4 5 6
30
SecPawcmH2O
A BC
PIP
Baseline
Mean Airway Pressure
-10
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Pressure-Time Curve
1 2 3 4 5 6
20
Sec
PawcmH2O
Pressure Ventilation
Expiration
Volume Ventilation
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Pre
ssur
e
time
PIP:complianceresistancevolumeflowPEEP
PEEP
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PEEP
PIP
Pplat
resistanceflow
compliancetidal volume
No active breathingTreats lung as single unit
end-inspiratoryalveolar pressure
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Work to Trigger
1 2 3 4 5 6
30
Sec
PawcmH2O
-10
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Adequate Flow During Volume-Control Ventilation
30
Time (s)
-10
1 2
awPcmH2O
Adequate flow
3
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Inadequate Flow During Volume-Control Ventilation
30
Time (s)
-10
1 2
awPcmH2O
Adequate flow
Flow set too low3
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Patient/Ventilator SynchronyVolume Ventilator Delivering a Preset Flow and Volume
Adequate Flow
1 2 3 4 5 6
-20
SecPawcmH2O
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Patient/Ventilator SynchronyThe Patient Outbreathing the Set Flow
Air Starvation
1 2 3 4 5 6
-20
SecPawcmH2O
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Plateau Time
Inadequate plateau time
-20
1 2 3 4 5 6
30
SECPawcmH2O
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Adequate Plateau Time
-20
1 2 3 4 5 6
30
SECPawcmH2O
Plateau Time
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Flow vs.Time Curve
1 2 3 4 5 6SEC
120
120EXH
INSP
V.
LPM
Inspiration
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Flow vs.Time Curve
1 2 3 4 5 6SEC
120
120EXH
INSP
V.
LPM
Inspiration
Expiration
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Flow vs.Time Curve
1 2 3 4 5 6SEC
120
120EXH
INSP
Inspiration
V.
LPM
Constant Flow Descending Ramp
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Flow-Time Curve
1 2 3 4 5 6SEC
120
120EXH
INSP
Insp. Pause
Expiration
V.
LPM
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Inspiratory TimeShort Normal Long
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1 2 3 4 5 6
SEC
120
-120
V.
LPM
Expiratory Flow Rate and Changes in Expiratory Resistance
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1 2 3 4 5 6
SEC
120
120
V.
LPM
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Obstructed Lung
Delayed flow return
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Combined Screens
1 2 3 4 5 6
20
Sec
PawcmH2O
V.
Volume Ventilation
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Pressure-Time and Flow-Time Curves
1 2 3 4 5 6
20
Sec
PawcmH2O
Expiration
V.
Volume Ventilation
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Pressure-Time and Flow-Time CurvesDifferent Inspiratory Flow Patterns
1 2 3 4 5 6
20
Sec
PawcmH2O
Expiration
V.
Volume Ventilation
Inspiration
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20
Pressure-Time and Flow-Time Curves
1 2 3 4 5 6Sec
PawcmH2O
V.
Pressure Ventilation
Inspiratory Time
Volume Ventilation
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Rise TimeInspiratoty Rise Time Percentage
Flow Acceleration Percentage
How quickly inspiratory flow accelerates to achieve set pressure.
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Time
Minimal Pressure Overshoot
Pressure Relief
Slow rise Moderate rise Fast rise
P
V.
Flow Acceleration Percent Rise Time
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Patient / Ventilator SynchronyVolume Ventilation Delivering a Preset Flow and Volume
Adequate Flow
1 2 3 4 5 6
30
-20
SecPawcmH2O
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What options do we have?
Air Starvation
1 2 3 4 5 6
30
-20
SecPawcmH2O
Patient / Ventilator SynchronyThe Patient Is Outbreathing the Set Flow
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We Can Switch to a Decelerating Flow Pattern: More Flow Up Front
1 2 3 4 5 6
SEC
120
-120
V.
LPM
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If Peak Flow Remains the Same, I-Time Increases: Could Cause Asynchrony
LPM1 2 3 4 5 6
SEC
120
-120
V.
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Changing Flow Waveform in Volume Ventilation: Effect on Inspiratory Time
1 2 3 4 5 6
SEC
120
-120
V.
LPM
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Increased Peak Flow: Decreased Inspiratory Time
1 2 3 4 5 6
SEC
120
-120
V.
LPM
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Note: There can still be pressure in the lung behind airways that are completely obstructed
Detecting Auto-PEEP
LPM
Zero flow at end exhalation indicates equilibration of lung and circuit pressure
1 2 3 4 5 6
SEC
120
-120
V.
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Detecting Auto-PEEP
The transition from expiratory to inspiratory occurs without the expiratory flow returning to zero
1 2 3 4 5 6
SEC
120
120
V.
LPM
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time
flow
inhalation
exhalation
0auto-PEEP
Flow Waveform
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sensitivity-1 cm H2O
auto-PEEP10 cm H2O
trigger effort = 11 cm H2O
sensitivity-1 cm H2O
auto-PEEP3 cm H2O
trigger effort = 4 cm H2O
PEEP7 cm H2O
PEEP10 cm H2O
PEEP10 cm H2O
Auto-PEEP should be measured with set PEEP = 0
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Volume vs.Time Curve
Inspiration
SEC
800 ml
2 3 4 5 61
VT
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Volume vs.Time Curve
Expiration
SEC
800 ml
2 3 4 5 61
VT
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Typical Volume Curve
1 2 3 4 5 6
SEC
1.2
-0.4
VT
Liters
I-TimeE-Time
A B
A = inspiratory volume
B = expiratory volume
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Air Trapping or Leaks
1 2 3 4 5 6
SEC
1.2
-0.4
VT
Liters
A
A = exhalation that does not return to zero
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Loops
• Pressure-Volume Loops
• Flow-Volume Loops
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Pressure-Volume Loop
0 20 40 602040-60
0.2
LITERS
0.4
0.6
PawcmH2O
VT
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Mandatory Breath
Inspiration
0 20 40 602040-60
0.2
LITERS
0.4
0.6
PawcmH2O
VT
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Mandatory Breath
Expiration
0 20 40 602040-60
0.2
LITERS
0.4
0.6
PawcmH2O
Inspiration
VT Counterclockwise
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Spontaneous Breath
Inspiration
0 20 40 602040-60
0.2
LITERS
0.4
0.6
PawcmH2O
VTClockwise
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Spontaneous Breath
InspirationExpiration
0 20 40 602040-60
0.2
LITERS
0.4
0.6
PawcmH2O
VTClockwise
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Work of Breathing
0 20 40 60-20-40-60
0.2
0.4
0.6
LITERS
PawcmH2O
VT
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Assisted Breath
0 20 40 602040-60
0.2
LITERS
0.4
0.6
PawcmH2O
Assisted Breath
VT
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Assisted Breath
Inspiration
0 20 40 602040-60
0.2
LITERS
0.4
0.6
PawcmH2O
Assisted Breath
VT
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Assisted Breath
Inspiration
Expiration
0 20 40 602040-60
0.2
LITERS
0.4
0.6
PawcmH2O
Assisted Breath
VT Clockwise to Counterclockwise
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Pressure-Volume Loop Changes
0 20 40 60-20-40-60
0.2
0.4
0.6
LITERS
PawcmH2O
VT
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Changes in Compliances
Indicates a drop in compliance (higher pressure for the same volume)
0 20 40 602040-60
0.2
0.4
0.6
LITERS
PawcmH2O
VT
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Lung Overdistension
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Overdistension
B
A
0 20 40 60-20-40-60
0.2
0.4
0.6
LITERS
PawcmH2O
C
A = inspiratory pressure
B = upper inflection point
C = lower inflection point
VT
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Pressure – Volume Loops
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Pressure – Volume Loops
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Pressure – Volume Loops
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Flow -Volume Loops Volume Control
Flow
Volume
Tidal Volume
Inspiration
Expiration
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Flow -Volume Loops Volume Control
Flow
Volume
Peak Expiratory FlowPeak Inspiratory FlowTidal Volume
Inspiration
Expiration
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ETT or Circuit Leaks
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Obstructive Pattern
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Bronchodilator Response
2
1
1
2
3
3
VLPS
.
BEFORE
VLPS
.
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Bronchodilator Response
2
1
1
2
3
3
VLPS
.
BEFORE AFTERWorse
2
1
1
2
3
3
VLPS
.
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Bronchodilator Response
2
1
1
2
3
3
VLPS
.VT
INSP
EXH
BEFORE AFTERWorse Better
2
1
1
2
3
3
VLPS
.
2
1
1
2
3
3
VLPS
.
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What Mode is This?
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What Mode is This?
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What Mode is This?
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What Mode is This?
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Remember Waveforms and loops are graphical representation of the data collected by
the ventilator. Typical Tracings Pressure-time, Flow-time, Volume -time Loops Pressure-Volume Flow-Volume
Assessment of pressure, flow and volume waveforms is a key aspect in the management of the mechanically ventilated patient.
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The End!