Download - Basics of Lubricants
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Lubricant CompositionWhat you need to know
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Definition of Lubricants
Functions of Lubricants
Constituents of Lubricants
Types & comparison of mineral oils
Synthetic Lubricants
Additives for Lubricants
Greases
Advantages/Disadvantages of greases
NLGI classificationVarious thickeners and their advantages
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CONTENTS
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Lubricants are those substances, when introduced between two
solid surfaces which move over one another reduce resistanceto movement or friction and wear
Lubricants may be in any of the following forms :
Oils
Greases
Powders
Pastes
Dry-film
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WHAT ARE LUBRICANTS?
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Reduce friction by forming a separating film between two
contact surfaces
Reduce wear
Absorb shock
Reduce temperature
Minimize corrosion
Seal out contaminants
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BASIC FUNCTIONS OF LUBRICANTS
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COMPOSITION OF LUBRICANTS
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CONSTITUENTS OF LUBRICANTS
Base oils: Synthetic or Mineral
Performance Enhancing Additives
Solid lubricants (optional)
Thickeners ( for greases only)
Oils Additives Solid lubricants
(optional)
Thickeners
(only for greases)
LUBRICANTS
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LUBRICANTS COMPOSITION
Paraffinic Naphthenic Aromatic
Mineral oil Synthetic oil
Oils Additives Solid lubricants
(optional)
Thickeners
(only for greases)
LUBRICANTS
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MINERAL OILS - TYPES
Paraffinic Wide temp. range
High viscosity index
Poor low temperature properties
Naphthenic Good low temperature property Good additive compatibility
Aromatic Usually dark in color
High flash point
Unstable to temperature
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MINERAL OILS - COMPARISON
Type Naphthenic Paraffinic
Viscosity, cSt 38C 21 21
Viscosity Index 15 100
Pour point, C - 46 -10
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LUBRICANTS COMPOSITION
Mineral oil Synthetic oil
Oils Additives Solid lubricants(optional)
Thickeners(only for greases)
LUBRICANTS
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SYNTHETIC OIL - TYPES
Synthesized Hydrocarbons (PAO Polyalphaolefin)
Organic Esters diester & polyol ester
Polyglycols
Phosphate esters
Silicones
polymerized siloxanesPerfluoroalkyl Polyethers
Alkylated aromatics
Polybutenes
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RELATIVE COST OF SYNTHETIC OILS
Type Relative Cost
(Mineral oil cost =1)
1 Alkylated aromatic 2-3
2 Polybutenes 3-5
3 Esters 7-15
4 Polyglycols 7-20
5 PAO 7-25
6 Polyolesters 10-20
7 Silicones 40-200
8 Perfluoroalkyl Polyethers 400-800
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Additives are chemical compounds added to lubricating
oils/greases to impart specific properties to the finishedoils/greases for enhancing properties already present, in
addition to imparting new and useful properties.
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ADDITIVES
Oils
Surface active Performance
enhancing
Additives Solid lubricants
(optional)
Thickeners
(only for greases)
LUBRICANTS
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Pour point depressants
Viscosity Index improvers
Oxidation Inhibitors
Corrosion Inhibitors
Rust Inhibitors
Detergents and Dispersants
Antiwear additives
EP additives
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ADDITIVES
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Performance enhancing additives that influence the physical
and chemical properties of base fluids(VI improver, Lowtemperature property improver, antioxidant etc)
Additives that affect primarily the metal surfaces modifying
their physicochemical properties(EP, Antiwear, corrosioninhibitor, friction modifiers etc.)
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CLASSIFICATION OF ADDITIVES
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LUBRICANT COMPOSITION
Oils Additives Solid lubricants
(optional)
Thickeners
(only for greases)
LUBRICANTS
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Molybdenum-Di-Sulphide
Graphite
Zinc Sulphide
PTFE (Teflon)
Titanium Di Oxide
Boron Nitride
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SOLID LUBRICANTS
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Are solid to semi-fluid products of the dispersion of a thickeningagent in a liquid lubricant.
When the thickening agent is more than 40 % they are calledgrease pastes.
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WHAT ARE GREASES?
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Advantages:
Have lower friction co-efficient
Adhere better to the surfaces
More water resistant
Operate over a wider temperature range
Seal against dirt and other contamination
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GREASES (vis--vis oils)
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Disadvantages:
Not the right choice when heat transfer is a problem
Have a lower speed limit
More susceptible to oxidation.
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GREASES (vis--vis oils)
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Classification of greases by NLGI numbers
No. Appearance Penetration Used in
000 Semi-Fluid 445-475 Gears
00 Semi-Fluid 400-430 Gears
0 Very Soft 355-385 Gears
1 Soft 310-340 Bearings
2 Medium Soft 265-295 Bearings
3 Creamy 220-250 Bearings
4 Stiff 175-205 Seal
5 Soap like 130-160 Seal
6 Hard 85-115 Block grease
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LUBRICANTS COMPOSITION
Oils Additives Solid lubricants
(optional)
Soap based Non-soap based
Thickeners
(only for greases)
LUBRICANTS
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Soap Based: Lithium/Lithium complex
Calcium/Calcium Complex/Calcium Sulphonate
Lithium - Calcium
Aluminum/Aluminum complex
Sodium
Titanium complex
Barium
Non-Soap based Poly urea
Bentonite (Clay)
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THICKENERS
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Complex soaps have high drop points
Al-Complex is the easiest to pump, has good water
resistance and has good adherence.
Sodium soaps have good corrosion resistance.
Lithium soaps are good for multi-purpose application
Calcium soaps have good water resistance.
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ADVANTAGE OF VARIOUS THICKENERS
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Aluminum greases are very transparent and smooth
Polyurea based greases have extremely good oxidation
resistance and high temp. stability
Lithium and Calcium greases have better water resistance,
shear stability, better wear and friction performance.
Barium greases have high water resistance and shear
stability.
Calcium Sulphonate greases have superior corrosion and
shear resistance and have high load carrying capacity
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ADVANTAGES OF VARIOUS THICKENERS (contd.)
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Pour point depressants (also known as PPDs)
are polymers that are designed to control wax
crystal formation in lubricants resulting in lower
pour point and improved low temperature flow
performance
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POUR POINT DEPRESSANTS
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THANK YOU
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