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Introduction and Basic
Obsterics Ultrasound
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►Ultrasound imaging, also called ultrasoundscanning or sonography, is a method of obtaining images from inside the human
body through the use of high frequencysound waves
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►Ultrasound = sound with a frequency over20,000 Hz
►Medical ultrasound generally uses
frequencies between one and 10 millionhertz (1-10 MHz).
► Higher frequency ultrasound waves
produce more detailed images, but are alsomore readily absorbed and so cannotpenetrate as deeply into the body.
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► An ultrasound machine consists of twoparts: the transducer and the analyzer.
►The transducer both produces the soundwaves that penetrate the body and receivesthe reflected echoes
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► transducer thenreceives the returningechoes, translates
them back into electricpulses and sends themto the analyzer--acomputer that
organizes the data intoan image on atelevision screen
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screen
transducer
console
printer
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►Four different modes of ultrasound are usedin medical imaging A-mode
►a single transducer scans a line through the bodywith the echoes plotted on screen as a function of depth
B-mode►a linear array of transducers simultaneously scans a
plane through the body that can be viewed as a two-dimensional image on screen
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M-Mode
►M stands for motion
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Doppler mode
►capability of accurately measuring velocities of moving material, such as blood in arteries and veins
►most often combined with B-mode scanning toproduce images of blood vessels from which bloodflow can be directly measured
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Obstetric Ultrasound
►Obstetrics USG provide enough benefits, inenough pregnancies to support itswidespread use
►USG has different role in different stages of pregnancies
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►Prerequisites
Details of history, examination andinvestigations
Relevant risk factors identified
Relevant serology and genetic concerns
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►Preparation
High resolution real time gray-scale USGmachine
Experienced sonographer
Comfortable mother
Screen visible to mother (optional) and
sonographer
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First Trimester Scan
►Comment
Complimentary to mid trimester scan
►Content
Establishing date (CRL)
Number of fetuses and chorionicity
Establish viability
Evaluate gross fetal anatomy
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Examine uterus and adnexal structures
Specific examinations with indications
Nuchal translucency *
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18-22 week scan
►Content
Confirm viability
Check dating/gestational age
Confirm fetal number
Examine fetal anatomy
►Head & neck
►Thorax► Abdomen
► Axial skelelton
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Amniotic fluid
Placenta
Uterus & adnexal structures
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Third Trimester Scan
►Comment
Generally targeted scan
►Content
Depend on indication
► Anatomy
►Growth/Doppler/BPP
► Amniotic fluid
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►Presentation
►Placenta
►Uterus & adnexa
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Technique
►Know what’s the reason
►Know the machine capability and limitation
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►Comfortable position for bothsonographer and patient
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•Adequate exposure
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Technique
►Orientation
Screen menu
Image orientation
►Longitudinal scan: as if from the left side of patient
►Transverse scan: as if from the foot of the patient
►
No agreed orientation for the display of TVS
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►General overview of the fetus Number of fetus
Presentation & lie
Attitude
Liquor
Placenta
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Technique
►Show to the patient (esp the viability)
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► GS Visible from 5 to 6 weeks POA
Shape: uniform round or oval
Rim of chorionic decidual reaction
Measurements:1. Diameter
2. Volume
- Accuracy of sac vol: + 1 week
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Volume : GSV (ml3) = L (cm) X AP (cm) X T(cm) X 0.5
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►GS
Shape distortion,angulation and irregularmargin may indicatemissed abortion
Abortion may showchoriodecidualhaemorrhage
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Measurements
►CRL
First described by Robinson in 1975
Most accurate mean of estimating gest age
But depends on the ability to obtain a treulongitudinal section of unflexed embryo withend points clearly seen
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►Spine can be visualised from 9 weeksonward; a guide to obtain the truelongitudinal view
►Maybe difficult to obtain after 10 weeks – fetus often curved
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►BPD
The maximum diameter of the skull at the levelof parietal eminences.
Correct section:►Oval shape head
►Short midline in the anterior half of the head
►
Cavum septum pellucidum
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Measurement: from the outer table of theproximal surface of the skull to the inner tableof the distal surface
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Problems:
►Breech/transverse : may lead to underestimation (indolicocephalic shape); due to maternal breathingmovements and pressure from transducer
►OP/OA : landmarks may not be visualised clearly
- press to rotate the fetal head or tilt the patienthead down
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►HC
Not a routine
Same plane as BPD
Measure the outer circumference of the skull
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Content:►Liver
►Stomach bubble
►Intrahepatic potion of umbilical vein (anteriorthird of the AC)
• AC•The best parameter reflecting fetal sizeand growth
• Taken at the level of liver; 4% of bodyweight and increases steadily with gestage
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►FL
Highly reproducible because of the preciselydefined end points
Both ends should be visualised
Measurements made from the centre o the U-shape at the ends of the bone (length of
diaphysis)
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► Liquor
1. Amniotic fluid index
2. Single quadrant measurement
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► AFI
Measurements of 4 quadrants
Pools of free liquor
Perpendicular to maternal sagital plane
Normal range = depend on gestational age
At term
►<8 olighydramnios►> 20 polyhydramnios
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►Single pocket measurement
Largest pocket of liquor
Measurements of 2 perpendicular plane
Oligohydramnios = <2 cm
Polyhydramnios = > 8 cm
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► Anatomy scan
Detailed morphology scan is best done 18-22weeks gestation
Screening or confirmatory
Case selected on risk factors (age, previoushistory, teratogen exposure etc)
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►Systematic appropach
Number of fetus
Presentation
Fetal activity
liquor volume
Placental site
Number of cord vessels
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►Begin with the head, progressing caudally tothe thorax, abdomen, urogenital system andspino-skeletal system
► A checklist may be required
►Examination in 3 basic planes
Coronal
Sagital
Axial
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►Head
Cranial vault
Intracranial contents
Soft tissue of the face
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►Thorax
Heart
►4 chamber view
► A third of thorax►Both chambers of equal
sizes
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Lungs
►Right lobe bigger than the left
►Left lobe behind the heart
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► Abdomen
Liver occupies the upper third
Prior to the junction with the portal vein,
umbilical vein will take a J-shaped turn(AC measurement)
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►Genitourinary
Kidneys
►Seen lateral to the spine
►Below the level of AC
Bladder
►
Cyctic mass at the centre of pelvis►Umbilical artery on both side
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►Spine
Observed in 3 basic planes
Completeness should be examined
►Limbs and digit
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►Placenta
Low lying placenta detected in second trimestershould have a repeat scan at 32-34 weeks
gestation Marginal placenta may require TVS
Lower segment = 5 cm from internal os
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