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Basic Film Terms
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Frame
• Dividing line between the edges of the screen image and the enclosing darkness of the theater
• Single photo of film
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Types of Shots• Cinematic shots are defined by the
amount of subject matter within the frame
• Shots can vary in duration– Shots vary in time from subliminal (a few
frames) to quick (less than a second) to “average” (more than a second but less than a minute) to lengthy (more than a minute)
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Establishing Shot (or Extreme Long Shot)
• Shot taken from a great distance, almost always an exterior shot, shows much of locale
• ELS
Indiana Jones And The Temple Of Doom
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Long Shot (LS)
• (A relative term) A shot taken from a sufficient distance to show a landscape, a building, or a large crowd
Austin Powers andthe Spy Who Shagged Me
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Medium Shot (MS)
• (Also relative) a shot between a long shot and a close-up that might show two people in full figure or several people from the waist up
The Talented Mr. Ripley
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Close-Up (CU)
• A shot of a small object or face that fills the screen
• Adds importance to object photographed
Under Pressure
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Extreme Close-Up (ECU)
• A shot of a small object or part of a face that fills the screen
The Saint In London
Rocky Horror Picture Show
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Over the Shoulder Shot
• Usually contains two figures, one with his/her back to the camera, and the other facing the camera
Hollow ManCast Away
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Types of Angles• The angle is determined by where the
camera is placed not the subject matter – Angles can serve as commentary on the
subject matter
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Bird’s Eye View
• Camera is placed directly overhead• Extremely disorienting• Viewer is godlike
Beverly Hills Girl Scouts
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High Angle (h/a)
• Camera looks down at what is being photographed
• Takes away power of subject, makes it insignificant
• Gives a general overview
Without Limits
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Low Angle (l/a)
• Camera is located below subject matter
• Increases height and powerof subject
The Patriot
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Oblique Angle
• Lateral tilt of the camera sothat figures appear to befalling out of the frame
• Suggests tensionand transition
• Sometimes used asthe point of viewof a drunk
The Matrix
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Point of View (POV)
• A shot taken from the vantage point a particular character, or what a character sees
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“Eye-Level”
• Roughly 5 to 6 feet off the ground, the way an actual observer might view a scene– Most common
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Camera Movement
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Pan
• The camera moves horizontally on a fixed base.
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Tilt
• The camera points up or down from a fixed base
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Tracking (dolly) shot
• The camera moves through space on a wheeled truck (or dolly), but stays in the same plane
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Boom
• The camera moves up or down through space
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Zoom
• Not a camera movement, but a shift in the focal length of the camera lens to give the impression that the camera is getting closer to or farther from an object
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Getting from Scene to Scene
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Cut
• Transition between scenes when one scenes ends and another one begins
• Most common
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Dissolve
• A gradual transition in which the end of one scene is superimposed over the beginning of a new one.
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Fade-out/Fade in
• A scene gradually goes dark or a new one gradually emerges from darkness
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Wipe
• An optical effect in which one shot appears to push appears to push the preceding one from the screen.
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Iris
• An optical effect in which one shot appears to emerge from a shape on the screen.
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• These are the basic elements of film that a director can use to tell his/her story.
• Through editing, these shots are put together to create (hopefully!) a coherent story.
What This Means