Download - Basic Concepts in HIB
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Basic Concepts in HIB
Acquiring new lenses to see HIB and a new language to
analyze it
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Information Need—Definition
• Information needs arise whenever individuals find themselves in a situation, and require information to deal with the situation as they see fit.
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Information Need—Definition
The difference between:
• Information want
• Information demand
• Information need
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Information Want
• The information a person thinks she or he wants to have to solve an information problem
Or:
• The information a person believes will solve his or her information problem
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Information Demand
• The information a person believes he or she can ask for
Why should not one ask for what one wants?
• One may not know what one wants• One may want to ask for what one think
one can get• One feels uncomfortable
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Information Need
• The information that will solve the person’s information problem
How can we know if something is a true information need?
• After the fact• Have a “scientific” way to
determine
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Stages of Need Development (Taylor)
• Visceral: A sense of uneasiness• Conscious: Ill-defined area of
indecision • Formalized: Describes area in
concrete terms, making the need as explicit as possible
• Compromised: Need as translated into the system’s language
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Stages of Need Development Exercise
Please identify the stages of the information need in each of the following quotations on the handout.
Time: 5 minutes
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Needs• By Nature of Expected Answer:
– Known item need: The answer that is required is a certain, known item
– Subject need: The answer that is required is information on a particular subject, or of a particular kind
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Needs• By the Generator of the Need:
– Self need: A need generated by the person who is looking for answers
– Proxy need: A need generated by another person (imposed need)
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My Information Need Exercise
• Turn to your neighbor and exchange a copy of the completed assignment
• Read your neighbor’s assignment and analyze the need described in terms of the characteristics just covered
• Discuss with your neighbor what your analysis revealed
Time: 5 minutes
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Information Behavior • Information seeking
• Information evaluating • Information use
• Information representing
• Information giving
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Information Behavior
• Information seeking: How an individual goes about obtaining information.
• Information evaluating: How users decide if the information they obtained is relevant to their need, that is, if it can resolve their need.
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Information Behavior
• Information use: The outcome of information seeking.
• Information representing: creating surrogates to represent information.
• Information giving: The act of disseminating messages.
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Information Seeking
How an individual goes about obtaining information.
Types by level of purpose: – Searching– Surfing– Encountering
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Information SeekingSearching: Purposely looking for information to
resolve a particular information need.
Surfing: Browsing through a source of information, just to see what it has, without a particular information need.
Encountering: “Bumping” into information that can resolve a particular information need when doing other things.
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Information Seeking—
Class Workout• Revisit your neighbor’s assignment and indicate:– What behavior is described (seeking,
evaluating, use, giving)?– If seeking, what type (searching, surfing,
encountering)?
• Discuss with your neighbor what your analysis revealed
Time: 3 minutes
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Search Strategies
Where are we now?
• Information behavior– Information seeking
•Searching– Search strategies
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(Cognitive Work analysis)
The five search strategies:
•The browsing strategy •The analytical strategy •The empirical strategy •The known site strategy •The similarity strategy
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Search Strategies
The browsing strategy: Intuitive scanning following leads by association without much planning ahead.
The analytical strategy: Explicit
consideration of attributes of the information need and of the search system
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Search Strategies
The empirical strategy: Based on previous experience, using rules and tactics that were successful in the past
The known site strategy: Going directly to the place where the information is located
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Search Strategies
The similarity strategy: Find information based on a previous successful example that is similar to the current need.
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Exercise
• Revisit your neighbor’s assignment and indicate:– What search strategies were used?
• Discuss with your neighbor what your analysis revealed
Time: 3 minutes
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Searching Methods (Ellis)
Where are we now?
• Information behavior– Information seeking
•Searching– Search strategies– Searching methods
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Searching Methods (Ellis)
The five searching methods:
1. Starting2. Chaining3. Differentiating4. Monitoring 5. Extracting
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Searching Methods (Ellis)
Starting: Looking for information in a new area or on a new topic.
Chaining: Searching by following citation
connections between materials. Differentiating: Selecting information
sources based on their orientation and the intended audience.
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Searching Methods (Ellis)
Monitoring: The continuous monitoring of developments in a field of study.
Extracting: Going through a
particular source selectively identifying relevant material from that source.
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Searching Methods Exercise
• Revisit your neighbor’s assignment and indicate:
– What searching methods were used?
– Discuss with your neighbor what your analysis revealed
Time: 3 minutes
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Surfing
Where are we now?
• Information behavior– Information seeking
• Searching• Surfing• Encountering
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SurfingSurfing: Browsing through a source of
information, just to see what it has, with no particular information need in mind.
Examples: – Reading the daily newspaper – Watching programs on TV – Visiting a bookstore – Surfing the Web
Other examples?
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Encountering
Encountering: “Bumping” into information that can resolve past or future information need.
Also called: – Accidental discovery of information – Incidental information acquisition
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Encountering
Can happen when:
• Searching for information to resolve another need
• Surfing
• Any other activity
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Information Evaluating
Where are we now?
• Information behavior– Information seeking– Information evaluating– Information use– Information giving
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Information Evaluating
Information Evaluating:
Users evaluate information when they decide if it is relevant to their need; that is, if it can resolve their need
Also called: Compare/match
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Information Evaluating
The major issues:
• The subjective nature of relevance judgment
• The levels of relevance • Factors affecting relevance
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Information Surfing, Encountering and Evaluating
Exercise• Revisit your neighbor’s assignment and
indicate:
– Was any surfing or encountering done?– What criteria was used to evaluate the
information?
• Discuss with your neighbor what your analysis revealed
Time: 3 minutes
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Information Use
• The outcome of information seeking
May take various forms:– Acting on information– Changing state of knowledge (making
new sense)– Confirming what one already knows
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Information Use Exercise
• Revisit your neighbor’s assignment and indicate:
– How did your neighbor used the information obtained?
– How did it help (or not help) her or him? – Did another information need emerge as a
result?
• Discuss with your neighbor what your analysis revealed
Time: 3 minutes
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Information giving
Where are we now?
• Information behavior– Information seeking– Information evaluating– Information use– Information giving
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Information giving
Information giving: The act of disseminating messages
Triggers for giving:
• A user asks for information directly
• A user raises a topic about which the giver has information
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Information givingTriggers for giving:
• A user describes his/her situation to the giver who has information that can help
• A user behaves (or shows signs) in a certain way that prompts the giver to give information that will help
• The giver expects to receive needed information in return
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Information givingStrategies for giving:
• Tailoring complete information to the attributes of a particular need
• Planting a nugget (giving in anticipation of a situation)
• Pushing, or, making a case for the need of information
• Presenting information and asking for feedback
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exercise• Revisit your neighbor’s assignment and
indicate:– Was information giving involved?– If yes,
• What triggered it?• What giving strategy was used?
• Discuss with your neighbor what your analysis revealed
Time: 3 minutes