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Bambang Sektiari L.
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Four Chambers Great Vessels One-way Valves
Left atrium - Pulmonary veins - Left atrioventricular (“Mitral”)
Left ventricle - Aorta - Aortic semilunar
Right atrium - Vena Cavae - Right atrioventricular (“Tricuspid”)
Right ventricle - Pulmonary artery - Pulmonic semilunar
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Receives blood from lungs via the pulmonary
veins and then “pumps” it to left ventricle◦ pulmonary venous blood -- “oxygenated” blood
from the lungs returned to the heart
◦ low pressures
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Receives blood from left atria and then
pumps it through aortic semilunar valve to
the body◦ systemic arterial blood -- “oxygenated” blood
distributed to body for use in tissue metabolism
◦ high pressures
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Receives blood for body via pre & post cava,
and then “pumps” it through AV valve to right
ventricle◦ systemic venous blood -- “unoxygenated” blood &
CO2 produced by metabolism from body tissues
returned to the heart
◦ low pressures
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Receives blood from right atria and then pumps
it to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries ◦ pulmonary arterial blood -- “unoxygenated” blood
to lungs for exchange of CO2 for O2
◦ moderate to lower pressures
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EXTRA CARDIAC CONTROLS
CARDIAC CONTROLS
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Neural :
◦ Parasympathetic cholinergic (Vagus) to SA and AV
Nodes only -- brake!
◦ Sympathetic adrenergic (Beta 1) to both Nodes and
the Myocardium -- accelerator and strength!
Temperature :
◦ Hyperthermia -- accelerates
◦ Hypothermia -- slows
Drugs :
◦ Positive and negative chronotropes (rate)
◦ Positive and negative inotropes (strength)
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Supraventricular
Sinoatrial node (normal pacemaker) in right atrium
Internodal pathways (3) through right atria
Atrioventricular node (conduction delay) in fibrous base of
right atrium
-- “JUNCTION “ --
Ventricular
His Bundle (backup pacemaker) extends from fibrous base
into ventricular septum
Bundle branches (backup pacemaker) --Left bundle
(anterior & posterior fascicles) & Right bundle -- beneath
endocardium of ventricular septum
Purkinje network (backup pacemaker) within myocardium
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“Junction”
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Normal Cardiac Output
Increased Cardiac Output
Decreased Cardiac Output
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Venous return to atria = demands for ventricular
arterial output
Atria contract (systole -- ejection) while ventricles
relax (diastole -- filling)
Ventricles contract (systole -- ejection) while atria
relax (diastole -- filling)
Systemic and pulmonary volumes of blood flow (not
the volumes within) are equal over time
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Increased Demand =
Increased RATE !
Increased STROKE VOLUME (filling)!
Increased CONTRACTILITY (strength)
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Decreased Demand ( at Rest)=
Decreased HEART RATE !
Decreased STROKE VOLUME (filling) !
Decreased CONTRACTILITY (strength) !
With Disease ! =
Decreased EFFECTIVE STROKE VOLUME !
Decreased CONTRACTILITY !
Possibly Decreased HEART RATE !
Usually Compensatory Increased HEART RATE !
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Identify Problems :
A. Signalment
B. History
C. Physical Examination
Propose Differential Diagnoses
Diagnostic Plan :
A. Initial Data Base
B. Specific Procedures
Integrate Findings -- Diagnoses
Appropriate Treatment
Re-evaluate Patient !:
A. Response To Therapy
B. Progression Of Disease
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Signalment◦ Age
◦ Breed
◦ Sex
◦ Utilization
Past History
History Present Illness
Physical Examination
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Cardiogenic vs Noncardiogenic
Cough
Dyspnea
Syncope
Exercise Intolerance
Weight Loss
Lameness
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General Observations :◦ Attitude & Posture
◦ Respiration Rate & Character
◦ Edema & Abdominal Distension
◦ Fever
Cardiac Examination :◦ Inspection
◦ Palpation
◦ Percussion
◦ Auscultation
Systems Review
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Head -- mucous membrane color &
capillary refill time
Neck -- jugular distension or pulse
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Trachea
Thorax -- point of maximum intensity (PMI) of
cardiac apex beat
Abdomen -- organomegally & ascities
Femoral (brachial, digital, etc) pulse: Rate
Character -- hypokinetic, hyperkinetic, bounding,
collapsing, “water hammer”
Synchrony with heart beat
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Canine
Feline
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Respiratory FIRST!
Cardiac :◦ Heart rate & rhythm
◦ Normal -- S1 and S2 sounds; ventricular mechanical
systole (AV closure to semilunar valve closure)
◦ Abnormal : Splitting of S1 and S2 sounds -- S1 with conduction delay,
S2 with increased arterial pressure
S3 and S4 sounds are abnormal -- ventricular diastole
(filling) = “gallop rhythm”
Murmurs = turbulence :
Physiologic -- anemic
Innocent -- positional or neonates (development)
Pathologic -- cardiovascular disease
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“PMI” “Mitral” Pulmonic
Aortic PDA Carotids “Tricuspid”
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DESCRIPTION Location of PMI -- usually valve area where heard loudest !
Timing in cardiac cycle -- systolic or diastolic (hard to tell with
rapid rates)
Duration -- early, late, holo (during), pan (throughout) & continuous
Intensity (Grade):◦ 1 = nearly imperceptible -- must listen in a quite room & be right over PMI!
◦ 2 = soft, but definite -- heard right over one area of chest (PMI)
◦ 3 = low to moderate -- heard for some distance from PMI
◦ 4 = loud -- heard throughout chest, but no palpable “thrill” on chest
◦ 5 = very loud -- heard throughout chest with a palpable “thrill” on chest wall!
◦ 6 = very loud -- “thrill” & heard with stethoscope just off chest wall
Quality :◦ Regurgitant = “plateau”
◦ Ejection = “diamond shape” or crescendo-decrescendo
◦ Machinery = varying but continuous (systole-diastole)
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Congenital Causes of Cardiac Diseases
Acquired Causes of Cardiac Diseases◦ Dysrhythmia's
◦ Heartworm disease
◦ Valvular & Endocardial
◦ Myocardial diseases
◦ Pericardial diseases
Causes of Hypertension
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(Cardiovascular Disease)
Initial data base
Specific procedures
(Risk/Cost vs Benefit) :
◦Noninvasive
◦ Invasive
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Signalment, History & Physical
Clinical Pathology :◦ Hemogram (CBC)
◦ Serum Chemistries
◦ Urinalysis
◦ Heartworm
◦ Pleural or Peritoneal Fluid Analysis
◦ Serology & Endocrine Tests
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CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Cost or Risk versus Benefit
Based on Your Clinical Findings (Signs) :
Radiography
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Ultrasound -- Echocardiography
Indirect blood pressures
Central venous pressure
Blood gases -- Arterial & Venous
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Two views -- lateral and DV
Cardiac Silhouette
Lungs & Vascular structures
Pleura and Mediastinal space
Chest Wall and Diaphragm
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Uses Heart & Chamber enlargements
Compensation vs decompensation
Masses & Pericardial effusions
Limitations Fluid obscures soft tissue
Good equipment -- Short exposure times
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Dorsal-VentralLateral
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ECG Interpretation Rate
Rhythm
Mean Electrical Axis (?)
Evaluate complexes (Lead II):◦ Amplitude of deflections or “waves” = height in
millivolts
◦ Duration of “complexes” or “intervals” = length in
milliseconds
Summarize all leads
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Normal (at rest) :Small dogs 80-160 bpm
Giant breeds 60-140 bpm
Cats 80-180 bpm
Tachycardia :Dogs > 160-180 bpm
Cats > 200 bpm
Bradycardia < 60-80 bpm
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HEART FAILURE
Circulation failure manifestations, The Heart can pump blood cause of decrease of myocard contraction.
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE Myocardial could not be keeping the cardiac out put Clinical Syndrome characterized by light output, pulmonic and vein
system congestion
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Causes of CHF
Acquired Heart Diseases (valves disorder) congenital heart disease Heart worm diseases
Symptom
Left-side HF: - Cough - Dyspneu- Orthopneu - edema Pulmonum- Paroxysmal Cough
RIGHT-side HF :- venous congestion - hepatomegaly- splenomegaly - Cardiac cachexia- ascites - sub cutaneous edema - Hydrothorax – Hydropericard
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Therapy
1. digitalis (digoxin, digitoxin etc.)
2. Diuretics (furosemide, spironolactone etc.)
3. Low sodium diet
4. Bronchodilators
5. Supportif drug therapy:
Antibiotics
narcotics (morphine)
phlebotomy
Abdominocentesis
Thoracocentesis
O2 therapy
Rest
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SHOCKLoss of effective circulating blood volume, causing low tissue
perfusion and therefore inadequate oxygen delivery to meet the demand s of tissue metabolism.
Symptom:
- Anemia - reduced temperature
- weakness - decrease of sensoric function
- Tachycardia - Tacypnea
- CRT > 2 seconds - Oligo/anuria
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Types of Shock1. Haemorrhagic shock
2. Hypovolemic shock
3. Septic shock
4. Traumatic shock
5. Neurogenic
6. Anaphylactic shock
7. Cardiogenic Shock
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Therapy O2 Therapy
Fluid Therapy
Hemostat
Steroid
Antibiotics
Vasoactive Drugs
Anticoagulants
Diuretics
Warmed
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PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
failure of the ductus arteriosus to close shortly after birth and thereby allowing continued flow of blood
between the aorta and pulmonary artery.
Common breeds:
: POODLE, COLLIE DAN POMERANIAN.
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DUC.ARTERIOSUS TERBUK
most cases of PDA involve blood flow from the higher pressure region (aorta) to the lower pressure region (pulmonary artery and right ventricle)
LEFT TO THE RIGHT SHUNT (SISTOLE/DIASTOLE)
![Page 46: Bambang Sektiari L. - s1.fkh.unair.ac.ids1.fkh.unair.ac.id/images/PPT/Cardiovasc Diseases 1.pdf · Receives blood from left atria and then pumps it through aortic semilunar valve](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041710/5e477cc9301458036d1aa93f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Symptoms :
Usually presented at 6 - 12 weeks of age
ANAMNESIS :- Exercise intolerance - Abdominal distension- Dyspnea - Syncope- Paralise - Seizure- Cyanosis
Clinical Examination:- Water hammer pulse (JERKY Pulse)- Continuous Murmur- pulmonary hypertension
Prognosis : IN FAUSTA
Therapy : Operative
![Page 47: Bambang Sektiari L. - s1.fkh.unair.ac.ids1.fkh.unair.ac.id/images/PPT/Cardiovasc Diseases 1.pdf · Receives blood from left atria and then pumps it through aortic semilunar valve](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041710/5e477cc9301458036d1aa93f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
An abnormal narrowing of the pulmonary artery usually at the valvular level
Common breed : ENGLISH BULLDOG, FOX TERRIER and CHIHUAHUA.
Symptoms:◦ No symptoms◦ Dyspnea◦ Exercise intolerance◦ Right-side heart failure◦ Systolic murmur◦ Diastolic duplication◦ Abdominal distension
Therapy : Operative (Restricted activity, diet)
![Page 48: Bambang Sektiari L. - s1.fkh.unair.ac.ids1.fkh.unair.ac.id/images/PPT/Cardiovasc Diseases 1.pdf · Receives blood from left atria and then pumps it through aortic semilunar valve](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041710/5e477cc9301458036d1aa93f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Narrowing of the left ventricular outflow tract of the heart
Common breed : AGJ, Boxer, New foundland and Cats.
Symptoms:
◦ Asymptomatic - Cough
◦ Panting - Congestion
◦ Syncope - Edema Pulmonum
◦ Systolic murmur
◦ Sudden death cause ventricular filbrillation
![Page 49: Bambang Sektiari L. - s1.fkh.unair.ac.ids1.fkh.unair.ac.id/images/PPT/Cardiovasc Diseases 1.pdf · Receives blood from left atria and then pumps it through aortic semilunar valve](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041710/5e477cc9301458036d1aa93f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Cardiac congenital anomaly allowing communication between the
atria through a defect in the interatrial septum
Symptoms :
- None (defect is small)
- Dyspnea post exercise
- ecxercise intolerance
- weakness
- Right-side HF
- Cyanosis (RIGTH TO THE LEFT SHUNT )
- Systolic murmur / diastolic reduplication
![Page 50: Bambang Sektiari L. - s1.fkh.unair.ac.ids1.fkh.unair.ac.id/images/PPT/Cardiovasc Diseases 1.pdf · Receives blood from left atria and then pumps it through aortic semilunar valve](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041710/5e477cc9301458036d1aa93f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
An anomalous communication between the two ventricles
Most common in cats
Symptoms :
- Asymptomatic (most patients)
- A left-side HF
- pulmonic hypertension
- Cyanosis
- Systolic murmur
- Prechordial Thrill
- Jerky pulse
![Page 51: Bambang Sektiari L. - s1.fkh.unair.ac.ids1.fkh.unair.ac.id/images/PPT/Cardiovasc Diseases 1.pdf · Receives blood from left atria and then pumps it through aortic semilunar valve](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041710/5e477cc9301458036d1aa93f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Common in dogs and cats
Consist of :◦ Ventricular septal defect◦ Overrriding, dextropositioned aorta◦ Pulmonic stenosis◦ Right Ventricular hypertrophy
Symptoms:
- < 1 year old - Polycythemia,
- Systolic murmur - Cyanosis- Dyspnea- Exercise intolerance- Syncope- Growth disorders