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BA 351BA 351Managing Managing OrganizationsOrganizations
Motiv
ation
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The Container StoreThe Container Store
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Motivation is…Motivation is…Internal / IntrinsicBased on
◦Needs, wants, and desiresSources
◦Attitudes◦Values
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External / ExtrinsicPower
◦Position ◦Personal
Motivation is…Motivation is…
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Which type of motivation Which type of motivation comes from the rewards comes from the rewards that are linked to job that are linked to job performance? performance? A) IntrinsicB) Extrinsic
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We cannot be motivated by We cannot be motivated by others…others…
Only influenced
“I’ll build you the bridgeBut
I won’t carry you across”
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Theories of MotivationTheories of MotivationContent Theories
◦ Maslow’s need hierarchy◦ Alderfer’s ERG theory◦ McClelland’s need theory◦ Herzberg’s two-factor theory
• Process Theories
• Expectancy theory
• Equity theory
• Goal-setting theory
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Ord
er o
f Pre
pote
ncy
Physiological Needs
Safety Needs
Social and Belongingness Needs
Esteem Needs
Self- Actualization
Unsatisfied Needs
Content Theories: Need HierarchyContent Theories: Need Hierarchy
Maslow’s Need Hierarchy
People motivated by desire to satisfy specific needs, arranged in a hierarchical order of prepotency*
*Lower level needs must be satisfied before a person can be motivated by higher level needs
Satisfied Needs
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Content Theories: ERG TheoryContent Theories: ERG Theory
Maslow’s Need Hierarchy
Physiological Needs
Safety Needs
Social and Belongingness Needs
Esteem Needs
Self- Actualization
orde
r of p
repo
tenc
y
Existence Needs
Relatedness Needs
Growth Needs
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
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A steady job is an example A steady job is an example of what type of need in of what type of need in Maslow's need hierarchy? Maslow's need hierarchy?
A) PhysiologicalB) SafetyC) SocialD) EsteemE) Self-actualization
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McClelland’s Theory of McClelland’s Theory of NeedsNeeds
PowerAchievement Affiliation
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Two-Factor TheoryTwo-Factor Theory
• Achievement
• Recognition
• Responsibility
• Opportunity for advancement or promotion
• Challenging work
• Potential for personal growth
• Pay
• Technical supervision
• Working conditions
• Company policies and procedures
• Interpersonal relationships with others
• Status
• Security
When increased, lead to greater satisfaction
When deficient, lead to greater dissatisfaction
MotivatorsMotivators Hygiene FactorsHygiene Factors
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Process TheoriesProcess Theories
Expectancy Equity
Goal-Setting
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I1
I2
I3
E
Expectancy TheoryExpectancy TheoryMF = E x (I x V)
MF = Motivational ForceE = Expectancy
I = InstrumentalityV = Valence
MF = Effort Performance
Outcome
Outcome
Outcome
V1
V2
V3
Victor Vroom
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Equity TheoryEquity TheoryMotivation is based on a person’s assessment of the ratio of the outcomes received (pay, status) for inputs on the job (effort, ability) compared to the same ratio for a comparison other
My Outcomes
My inputsvs.
Other’s Outcomes
Other’s Inputs
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Procedural JusticeProcedural Justice
Voice in the decision process
Procedures applied
consistently
Procedures free from bias
Based on accurate information
Formal grievance procedures
Ethical code
Treated with respect
Given reasons for decisions
The degree to which people think the procedures used to determine outcomes are fair. Some rules:
Procedural Procedural JusticeJustice
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Goal-Setting TheoryGoal-Setting TheoryChallenging and specific goals increase human performance because they affectattention, effort, and persistence. To beeffective, managers should address:
• Goal difficulty
• Goal specificity
• Goal commitment
• Participation in setting goals
• Feedback
Edwin Locke
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Make sure your plan is :
pecific
easurable
ction Oriented
ealistic / relevant
ime conscious
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TRUST
COACHING
EMPATHY
BARRIERS
Beliefs&
Attitudes
Communication
What beliefs &attitudes will helpyou build the bridge?
What barriersdo you encounter?
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Trust Implies…Trust Implies…AccountabilityReliabilityPredictability
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Trust Factors and LeadershipTrust Factors and Leadership
1. Actions Are More Important Than Words
2. Respect for the Individual
3. Give Responsibility
4. Listen
5. Involvement in Decisions
6. Respect Confidences
7. Honesty8. Encourage Risk
Taking9. Maintain a
Positive Attitude10. Treat Everyone
Equally
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otivation
bility
hanging Conditions
xpectations
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Motivating Factors:Motivating Factors:
““What Motivates What Motivates Today’s Workers?”Today’s Workers?”
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Instructions:Instructions:
Step 1: Individual RankingWorking alone, rank the items.“What do most workers want in
their jobs? What motivates today’s workers?”◦Put yourself in a worker’s shoes
◦Rank order “Most” (#1) to “Least” (10) important motivating factors
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Instructions:Instructions:
Step 2: Working as a group (2 – 4)Discuss items and come up with
stack ranking of the “Top 10”!No voting, trading or averagingSeek items you mostly agree withConsensus (agree to support it), not
necessarily Unanimous (100% agree)
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Instructions:Instructions:
Step 3: Expert RankingPreliminary:First, please rank what you ACTUALLY
want in your work situation
Expert RankingWrite numbers in Column 3Prepare to look for difference between
Expert and Team scores
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What Managers Assume Employees What Managers Assume Employees WantWant1. Competitive Wages & Benefits2. Job Security3. Opportunity for Growth/Promotion4. Productive Work Environment5. Interesting & Challenging Work6. Management Loyalty7. Fair work rules8. Appreciation for a job well done9. Sensitive to personal situation10. Feeling “in” on things, involved
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What Employees What Employees ActuallyActually Want Want1. Competitive Wages & Benefits2. Job Security3. Opportunity for
Growth/Promotion4. Productive Work Environment5. Interesting & Challenging Work6. Management Loyalty7. Fair work rules8. Appreciation for a job well done9. Sensitive to personal situation10. Feeling “in” on things, involved
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7
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81013
2
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What OSU 2009 Students Want!
1. Competitive Wages & Benefits2. Job Security3. Opportunity for Growth/Promotion4. Productive Work Environment5. Interesting & Challenging Work6. Management Loyalty7. Fair work rules8. Appreciation for a job well done9. Sensitive to personal situation10. Feeling “in” on things, involved
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6
3
72
81019
5
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MacGregor’s Theory XMacGregor’s Theory XX = People are basically lazy
Management assumes people shun responsibility and prefer to be directed
Management’s job is to set up structures that control workers
Workers are motivated by $$, security, benefits, and working conditions.
Workers respond to fear of punishment.
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MacGregor’s Theory YMacGregor’s Theory Y
Y = People are intrisically motivated
Management assumes people enjoy taking on tasks and thrive on accomplishment
Workers respond to involvement, being listened to, feeling in on things, being appreciated, and interesting work
Management’s job is to stop doing what demotivates workers, free them to develop
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Motivation by DesignMotivation by DesignJob Enlargement
Job Rotation
Job Enrichment
Job Characteristics Model
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TheThe PracticalPractical CoachCoach
Great Work…When you see it, say
it.Be Specific.
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TheThe PracticalPractical CoachCoach
Correcting Poor Habits: Make it private, make it positive Be gentle but direct Be aware of side tracks
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