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B 203: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH THECHNIQUES
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DEFINING RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design is generally defined as “…a plan or protocol for carrying out or accomplishing something”
Design, according to the definition is a series of stages or tasks in planning or conducting a study (essentially linear)
Defining the aforesaid model as traditional, Martin (1982) introduced ‘garbage can’ model’
“Four elements swirl around in the garbage can”- Theories, Methods, Resources and Solutions
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DEFINING RESEARCH DESIGN
The extension of ‘Garbage Can’ model is ‘Garbage Can II’ which adds additional element- problems, phenomena, personal concern (Grady and Wilson 1988)
Now differentiate between quantitative and qualitative research based on this
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COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
1. Purposes The ultimate goal of the study Issues to illuminate and practices to
influence The reason Why is the study worth doing?
2. Conceptual Context The existing state of knowledge Identification of related theories, findings,
literature and conceptual framework to guide the study
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3. Research Questions What specifically do we want to
understand? What do we not know about the
phenomena we are studying? What questions shall we attempt to
answer? How are these questions interrelated
4. Methods/Design/Technique What shall we exactly do? What
approaches/techniques shall we use? Four main parts- research relationship with
the people to study, site selection, data collection methods, data analysis techniques
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5. Validity How might we be wrong? How shall we deal with the plausible
alternative conclusions? How could we support our ideas? Why should our research results be
believed?
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PRE-RESEARCH QUESTION STAGE
Purposes Personal Practical Research
Conceptual Context/Theoretical Framework What do you understand and how do you
understand Generate some concepts Find out how these are interrelated Writing down a narrative
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RESEARCH QUESTION
Two vital functions of research design To focus the study To provide guidance for the study
Research questions and other questions- Research issues vs. Practical issues Research question vs. Interview question
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Problems with too-diffused and too-focused research question
Problems with unexamined assumptions Find out the problems of the following
research questions- In the Union Parishad of Bangladesh, how do the
women members carry out their responsibilities in standing committee?
Evaluation of local government performance in Bangladesh
How do the char inhabitants deal with the construction of Jamuna Bridge?
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THE ROLE OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Organize the research, give it direction
Define the project, show its boundaries
Keep the researcher focused
Provide a framework
Point to data that will be needed
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DEVELOPING RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Remember the research question before conceptual framework
Generate questions from conceptual framework
Compare (with which) Compare (relate) with the purposes Focus Connect questions with methods Validity (unexamined assumption)
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DEVELOPING RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Identifying the research area- What are we trying to find out?
Questions should generate possibilities (?) Identifying the general questions Sub-division of general questions Disentangling and Ordering Bringing the project down to size-
Manageable Most important
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HYPOTHESIS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Hypothesis is predicted answer to a research question
Hypothesis and theory: “Theories can not be proved”
Developing hypothesis is important if we have a prior explanation
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What answer do expect from this question? Know Do Not Know Why do we predict this? Other Reasons Some other researcher found Formulate Hypothesis Do not formulate
Hypothesis
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GOOD RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Clear
Specific
Answerable
Interconnected
Substantively relevant
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A SIMPLIFIED MODEL
R. A. Problem Questions (What data are required)
Design
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Answer Question
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QUESTION-METHOD RELATION
1. What do I need to know
2. Why do we need this
3. What kind of data is required
4. Where can I find it
5. Whom do I contact
6. Time lines
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QUALITATIVE GENRE AND OVERALL STRATEGY
Genre Strategy Focus of Inquiry
Individual Experience
In-depth interview Individual
Society and Culture Case Study Groups or Organization
Language and Communication
Microanalysis Speech events and Interactions