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ROLE OF A DIETITIAN FOR
PARALYMPIC ATHLETES
Azimah Ahmad
National Sports Institute of Malaysia
MDA2013
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INTRODUCTION
• The sports involved persons with physical disability has
increased dramatically and become more competitive.
• Those who excel in Paralympics Games like Olympic
Para Games, Asian Para Games had brought up the same
glory for the country
• Physical differences in disabled athletes may lead to
serious health problems and increase the risk of injuries.
• Therefore, suggested proper nutrition may be a key
component in preventing many healthy problems specific
to athletes with disability
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HISTORY IN MALAYSIA
• Paralympic sport was started in 1970’s
in Malaysia.
• The early sports were basketball, table
tennis, badminton, darts and carom
• Now days, Malaysia paralympians are
competing in more than 20 sports
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• Able-bodied sports in Malaysia have gained
certain recognition with current achievement in
international competition such as badminton ,
cycling , diving etc
• However, paralympic situation in Malaysia still
remains unclear to most even their achievement is
comparable to able-bodied sports
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ACHIEVEMENT
• Hasihin Sanawi- Wheelchaire archery
W1/W2
– Silver: Palympic London 2012
• Mohd Ziyad Zolkefli- Shortput F20
– Bronze: Paralympic London 2012
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• Siow Lee Chan
– Silver Paralympic 2008, Beijing
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ACHIEVEMENT
Medal Name Games Sport Event
Bronze Perumal
Mariappan 1988 Seoul Weightlifting
Men's 57
kg
Silver Cheok Kon
Fatt
1992
Barcelona
Weightlifting
Men's 52
kg
Bronze
Mohamad
Khasseri
Othman
1992
Barcelona Athletic
Men's High
Jump B2
Bronze Perumal
Mariappan
1992
Barcelona Weightlifting
Men's 60
kg
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CHALLENGES?
• Type of disabilities
– Blind, wheelchair, amputate, CP etc
• Illness/diseases
• Background of family
– Stay with family or
• Education background
– Ability to received information given
• Years of disabilities
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SERVICES
EDUCATION
TRAINING PROGRAM & ADAPTATION
WEIGHT MANAGEMENT
THERAPEUTIC DIET
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IMPORTANCE OF
EDUCATION
• Nutrition Knowledge & Attitude in
Athletes with Physical Disabilities
Ratmanesh et al; 2007J Athl Train. 2007 Jan-
Mar; 42(1): 99–105
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• To compare the nutritional knowledge and attitudes of Iranian athletes with physical disabilities (APDs) after nutrition education
Objective
• Seventy-two APDs (42 APDs in the intervention group and 30 age-matched and sex-matched control APDs) and 10 coaches completed the study)
Subject
• IG;3hrs education with education tools
• CG received nothing Intervention
• 2 times qualitative and quantitative questionnaire; 30 days apart before and after
• 88 Likert scale and true-false questions
• 18 open-ended questions
• 13 of which were specifically designed for APDs.
• Each APD completed two 3-day food records.
Method
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RESULTS & CONCLUSION
RESULTS:
• The APDs in the intervention group scored significantly higher
after nutrition education and higher than the control group on
the knowledge subscales and interest in nutrition.
• Although the nutrition knowledge score in this study was
moderate, several specific areas of deficient nutritional
knowledge were identified that are critical for the health of
APDs
Conclusions:
• Findings suggest that Iranian APDs lack nutritional knowledge
in areas critical to preventing nutrition related health problems,
especially components related to nutrition
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Nutrition Knowledge & Practice Of Malaysian Paralympic Elite Athletes (Poster presentation)
Objective
• To understand the nutrition knowledge and practice among paralympic athletes
Subjects
• 44 elite paralympic athletes
Instrumentation
• Demographic
• 25 questions knowledge of nutrition and sports nutrition
• 12 questions to assess the nutrition practices (Cupisti et al, 2002)
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Male
•The highest among
powerlifters (mean 52.2
± 21.4mm)
•The lowest was
wheelchair fencing
(mean = 19.3 ± 6.7mm)
Female
•The highest among
powerlifters (mean =
56.8 ± 25.5mm)
• The lowest among
wheelchair tennis
Wheelchair
Male
•The highest among
sailing (mean = 99.4 ±
65.8mm)
•The lowest among
swimming athletes (mean
= 48.7 ± 19.2mm
Female
•Not much different; the
highest (mean = 119.3 ±
56.4mm) and the lowest
(mean = 115.6 ±
22.9mm)
Non-wheelchair
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RASIONAL
• Body composition profiling can help sports
scientists to monitor their training program and
performance accordingly and manage their
weight to optimize the power to weight ratio
for their respective sports.
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CASE STUDY 1
• Male wheelchair athletes
• Athletic :throwers
• Kidney failure due to motorcycle accident
• 2008 : haemodialysis with one kidney
dysfunction
• 2010 : haemodialysis with both kidney
dysfunction
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ANTHROPOMETRIC &
BIOCHEMICAL DATA Parameters May 2012 June 2012
Body weight (kg) 58 60.1
Triceps (mm) 5.2 (10-15th) 4.8 (10-15th)
Subscapula (mm) 6.3 6.6
Biceps (mm) 3.9 4.4
Abdominal (mm) 7.7 7.9
Arm relax (cm) 34 (>95th) 33.7 (>95th)
Arm flex (cm) 36.9 36.7
Sodium (135-145 mmol/L) 133 130
Potassium (3.5-5.0 mmol/L) 5.6 5.2
Urea (1.7 – 8.3mmo/L) 12.8 10.8
Creatinine (64-122umol/l) 531 453
Uric acid (M= 202-417umol/l) 323 320
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WHAT BEEN PRESCRIBE?
• Eat inside athletes café
• Energy requirement ~1995 kcal
• Protein requirement
– Dialysis 1.3 g/kg/bw/day
– Strength athlete 1.0-1.2 g/kg bw/day
– Therefore : 1.2 g/kg bw/day
• CHO= 6g/kg bw/day
• Glucose polymer module
• Sports drink : carbohydrate beverages
• Protein supplementation: whey protein after training
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CASE STUDY 2
• Wheelchair power lifting female athletes
• Body weight management due to weight
category (below 56 kg)
• Very motivated
• Able to control her diet
• Cook by herself at home
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BODY COMPOSITION
ASSESSMENT
Parameter May 2008 Aug 2008
Body weight 58.5 56.5
% body fat
(Bodpod)
54.6 44.4
Fat mass (kg) 31.9 25.1
Muscle mass (kg) 29.6 31.4
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WHAT BEEN PRESCRIBE?
• Menu plan hand over to café staff
• Low fat diet
• CHO -5g/kg bw/day
• Protein – 1.2g/kg bw/day
• No sports drink during training
• Food choices e.g: wholemeal bun vs croissant
• Increase fiber intake
• Cooking method; protein sources
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CASE STUDY 3
• Wheelchair archery (compound) male athletes
• Chronic pressure sore
– Went for surgery once.
– New pressure sore at different place
• Pressure sore was infected before world ranking
paralympic archery competition (Bangkok) and
recovered
• Due to hot weather, dehydrate and long hour of sitting,
his sore re-infected
• Fever till 39 ⁰C. Sent to hospital, IV antibiotic. no fever
after 2 days. Back to Malaysia
• Was advised to go for surgery and referred to HUKM
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WHAT BEEN PRESCRIBE?
• High protein- 1.0-1.5 g/kg bw
• Adequate water- 1000 ml vs 2000 ml
• Vitamin C food sources
• Zink food sources
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• Mr Goh Kok Wei
• Miss Noorfadzlina Abd Rashad
• Miss Ivy Loke Wai Theng
• Mr Qusyairi Ajmain