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MATERIAL SCIENCE FINAL REPORTMATERIAL SCIENCE FINAL REPORT
MATERIAL SELECTION FORMATERIAL SELECTION FOR
AUTOMOTIVE BODIESAUTOMOTIVE BODIESSUBMITTED BY:
ABHINAV SAHU
JAGDISH PRASAD MEENA
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Outlines of contentOutlines of content
ySteels usage
yNeed of change
yOptions we can chooseyAluminum's usage
y
Composites/FRPyFRP constituents
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Steel : It has been conventional?Steel : It has been conventional?
>Steel has been the material of choice for
automobile structures since Henry Fords
introduction of mass production in 1913.
>In 2004, the average light vehicle produced
in North America contained 2233 pounds
of steel (55% of the vehicle weight) and
331 pounds (8%), of iron.
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Why change of material ?Why change of material ?
Major factors which compel change of material:
1.Constraints on energy consumption
2. Environmental issues have influenced vehicle
development for last four decades.3.Rises in oil prices due to increasing demand and
4.The increased prominence of global warming inthe popular press, technological advances toimprove vehicle efficiency are becomingincreasingly important
5.The competition of global automobile market
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Fat men cannot run as fast as thinFat men cannot run as fast as thinmen, but we build most of ourmen, but we build most of our
vehicles as though deadweight fatvehicles as though deadweight fat
increased speed. I cannot imagineincreased speed. I cannot imaginewhere the delusion that weightwhere the delusion that weight
means strength came from.means strength came from.Henry FordHenry Ford
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INCREASING EFFICIENCY ???INCREASING EFFICIENCY ???
TWO IMPORTANT POINTS:
1:Architectural development2:Material substitution
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OPTIONS TO SUBSTITUTE STEELOPTIONS TO SUBSTITUTE STEEL
Requirements of main properties of
Material:
1)Strong
2) Light
3) Cheaper
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Suitable Materials AvailableSuitable Materials Available
1) Aluminium and its alloys
2) Polymers
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Aluminum and its alloysAluminum and its alloysOver the years there have been many attempts to
introduce aluminum and aluminum sheet alloys for
automobile bodies.
Aluminum has, for example, been used for a variety
of Land Rover applications since 1948, and the
latest LandRover Discovery V8i features aluminium side panels.
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PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUMPROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM
y Although the modulus of aluminium is
approximately one-third that of mild
steel.
y The important parameter for maximum
stiffness at minimum mass for a flat plate
loaded in bending is E1/3/.
y And density of aluminium is less incomparison of steel.
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So the value of aboveSo the value of aboveparameter forparameter for aluminiumaluminium isis
approximately twice that ofapproximately twice that ofmild steel, so for equal stiffness,mild steel, so for equal stiffness,
inin aluminiumaluminium a panel will weigha panel will weigh
50% less than in mild steel.50% less than in mild steel.
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Polymer compositesPolymer compositesPolymers have a wide range of
properties and we can modifytheir properties according to
requirement or sometimes we can
manufacture new polymers.
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POLYMERS IN PAST IN AUTOMOTIVESPOLYMERS IN PAST IN AUTOMOTIVES
The use of polymer composites for
automobile body components is by no
means new, as instanced by the various
Scimitar sports saloon models (ReliantMotor PLC, U.K.) which used such
materials for the application over many
years in association with a steel structuralframe.
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What are composites/ FRP ?What are composites/ FRP ?
A combination of:
1. a polymer (plastic) matrix (either a thermoplasticor thermoset resin, such as polyester, isopolyester,
vinyl ester, epoxy, phenolic)2. a reinforcing agent such as glass, carbon, aramid or
other reinforcing material
Such that there is a sufficient aspect ratio (lengthto thickness) to provide a discernablereinforcing function in one or more directions.
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Cont..Cont..
To modify and enhance the final product, it
may contain:
1: Fillers
2: additives core materials
The constituent elements in a composite retain their
identities (they do not dissolve or merge completelyinto each other) while acting in concert to provide a
host of benefits ideal for structural applications.
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Components of FRP?Components of FRP?
Its depends on properties required, yet
common categories are
Resins
Reinforcement
Fillers
Additives and modifiers
Gel coats, adhesive and Core material
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ResinsResins:: The primary functions of the resinare to transfer stress between the
reinforcing fibers, act as a glue to hold thefibers together, and protect the fibers from
mechanical and environmental damage.
Resins are divided into two major groups1.thermoset
2.thermoplastic.
The most common thermosetting resins
used in the composites industry areunsaturated polyesters, epoxies, vinyl esters
and phenolics.
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ReinforcementsReinforcements:: The primary function offibers or reinforcements is to carry load along
the length of the fiber to provide strength and
stiffness in one direction.
Most commercial reinforcements is glass fiber.
Other e.g. carbon, aramid, UHMW (ultra high
molecular weight) polyethylene, polypropylene,polyester and nylon
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FFillersillers:: Use of inorganic fillers in
composites is increasing. Fillers not onlyreduce the cost of composites, but also
frequently impart performance
improvements.Calcium carbonate, Kaolin (hydrous
aluminum silicate), Alumina trihydrate,
Mica, Feldspar etc are common fillers.
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Additives and ModifiersAdditives and Modifiers: A wide varietyof additives are used in composites to
modify materials properties and tailor the
laminate's performance.
Other components ofOther components of compositscomposits areare
gel coats, Adhesives and Core Materialsgel coats, Adhesives and Core Materialsfor Sandwich Structures.for Sandwich Structures.
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Pro and Cons of Composites?Pro and Cons of Composites?
Problems related to FRCs Bodyy High costy Non recyclabley
sophisticated designing process
The polymer composite industrysdevelopments in process and design have,from a production perspective, maintainedcomposites technology as an economicallycredible alternative for vehicle bodyapplications.
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We are hereWe are here
Lamborghini Gallardo LP 570-4
Spyder Performante enjoys carbon fiber with weighing solely 3274 lbs however with a 570hp
with a prime speed of 201mph( ~320 km/h).
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THANK YOU!THANK YOU!
Queries?