Download - Auto Immunity
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Purpose
The purpose of this lecture is to introduce you to the field of autoimmunity highlighting a few
diseases and their characteristics with emphasis on the immune system in the pathology.
The purpose of this lecture is NOT to memorize a hundred autoimmune diseases and what drugs
treat them.
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Outline History Definition Disease states Causes Immunopathology Diagnosis Treatment Mouse Models of human disease
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Autoimmunity OriginsHorror autotoxicus:
Literally, the horror of self-toxicity.
A term coined by the German immunologist Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) to describe the body's innate aversion to immunological self-destruction.
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History Continued
This concept of autoimmunity as the cause of human illness is relatively new, and it was not accepted into the mainstream of medical thinking until the 1950s and 1960s.
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Prevalence
Autoimmune diseases are a major threat to the health of all Americans.
At least 10 millions Americans suffer from the more than eighty illnesses caused by autoimmunity.
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Autoimmunity
Basically means immunity to self
A condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue.
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The “Immunology Definition”
Failure of immune tolerance
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Pick an organ, any organ . . .Autoimmunity can affect ANY organ/organ system in the human body
Pemphigus
Multiple Sclerosis
Sjogren’s Syndrome
Rheumatic Fever
Autoimmune Hepatitis
Ulcerative Colitis
Goodpasture’s Syndrome
Diabetes
Autoimmune Uveitis
Autoimmune hemolytic Anemia
Addison’s Disease
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Autoimmune Oophoritis
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Autoimmunity Classification
Can be classified into clusters that are either organ-specific or systemic
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Examples of Organ Specific
Lungs of a patient with Goodpasture’s
VitiligoHashimoto’s disease (thyroiditis)
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Examples of Systemic Autoimmunity
SLE
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Examples of Systemic AutoimmunitySjogren’s Syndrome
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Causes of Autoimmunity
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Genes and Autoimmunity
The concept that a single gene mutation leads to a single autoimmune disease is the EXCEPTION not the rule.
Because of this autoimmune diseases are generally classified as complex diseases as there is not a single “pinpoint-able” gene
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Exceptions to the Rule – Simple Genetic Autoimmune Illnesses
Disease Gene Mechanism
APS-1(Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1)
AIRE Decreased expression of self-antigens in the thymus, resulting is a defect in negative selection
IPEX(Immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy,X-linked)
FOXP3 Decreased generation of Tregs
ALPS(autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome )
FAS, FASL Failure of apoptotic death of self reactive T or B cells
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Complex Disease and GeneticsThere have been numerous disease associated genes or
disease “susceptibility” genes linked to autoimmunity
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Complex Doesn’t even begin to describe Autoimmune genetics
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Environment
Pathogens, drugs, hormones, and toxins are just a few ways that the environment can trigger autoimmunity
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Pathogens
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Rheumatic fever is a classic example of molecular mimicry
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Drugs and Toxins Drugs
Examples: Procainamide (Pronestyl) Drug induced lupus
Toxins Examples: Toxic Oil Syndrome Occurred in Spain in 1981 after people ate
contaminated olive oil. People developed unique illness marked by lung
disease, eosinophilia, and excessive IgE
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Hormones Females are much more likely to develop
autoimmune illness Rise in hormones associated with pregnancy
may even cause abortion of the fetus (RSA) Endometriosis and preeclampsia are both
thought to be autoimmune in nature
Hypothesis: estrogen response elements (EREs) in several genes
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Estrogens and Autoimmunity
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Nature Immunology 2, 777 - 780 (2001)
Sex differences in autoimmunity
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Immune RegulationA defect in any arm of the immune system can trigger autoimmunity
Complement
T cells B cells
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Complement Deficiencies
CD59 or CD55 – Paroxysmal nocturnal
hemoglobinuria autoimmune hemolytic anemia autoimmune thrombocytopenia lupus lymphopenia
Deficiencies in the classical complement pathway renders pts more likely to develop immune complex diseases SLE RA
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The Complement See-Saw
The complement system is a mediator in both the pathogenesis and prevention of immune complex diseases
It has a protective effect when functioning in moderation against pathogens; at the same time, the inflammation promoted by complement activation can result in cellular damage when not kept in check.
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B or T? That is the question?
Autoimmunity is hard to classify as strictly a B cell or T cell mediated disease as multiple arms of the immune system are involved
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Myasthenia Gravis Disease marked by progressive weakness
and loss of muscle controlClassified as a “B cell” DiseaseAutoantibodies against nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors
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DiabetesDisease in which
the body does not produce or properly use insulin
“ T cell” DiseaseT cells attack and
destroy pancreatic beta cells
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Multiple Sclerosis
MS patients can have autoantibodies and/or self reactive T cells which are responsible for the demyelination
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Cytokine Dysregulation in Autoimmunity
CD = Crohn’s Disease
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IL-17: The Autoimmunity Cytokine?IL-17 KO mice – less susceptible to autoimmunity – especially
MS and RA
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Symptoms
Initial diagnosis may be missed in patients as diseases present with general symptomsFever, muscle ache, fatigue, joint pain
Disease specific manifestsSLE – rashSjogren’s – dry mouth, dry eyes
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Diagnosis
General tests C Reactive Protein Autoantibody titers (anti DNA, anti phospholipids, etc) Presence of Rheumatoid Factor
Disease specific tests Neurological exam – MS Fasting glucose - Diabetes
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Treatment
The key to treating autoimmunity is
immunomodulation
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Treatment Options• Anti-inflammatory drugs
• NSAIDS, Corticosteroids• Immunosuppressant drugs
• Methotrexate• Radiation • Plamapheresis• Cell Blocking Reagents
• aCD20 (Rituxan)• aCD3 (Teplizumab)
• Cytokine Blocking Reagents• TNF (Humira, Enbrel)
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Mouse Models
Human Disease Mouse ModelRA Collagen Induced Arthritis
(CIA)MS Experimental Autoimmune
Encephalitis (EAE)Ulcerative Colitis (UC) Dextran Sodium Sulfate
induced Colitis (DSS)Diabetes Non Obese Diabetic (NOD)
Lupus MRLlpr (Lpr = lupus prone)
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***********Remember***********
Autoimmunity is a failure of tolerance!
Knowing the tolerance mechanisms the immune system uses, will help you better understand autoimmune diseases!
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Failure of tolerance and disease Outcome
Disease Example
APS-1
MS, Uveitis, Male infetility
IDDM, Hashimoto’s
IPEX
ALPS
RA, SLE, Crohn’s
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Questions