Download - Authoritarian States
Authoritarian States
1. Conservative Authoritarianism1. Conservative Authoritarianism• Anti-democratic• Believed in avoiding change• Limited in power• Conservative authoritarianism alive in Eastern
Europe, Spain and Portugal– no tradition of self-government– torn by ethnic conflict– the rich and the church needed help from
dictators
Radical Totalitarian DictatorsRadical Totalitarian Dictators• Appear in Soviet Union-Germany-Italy• Soviet Union- Lenin/Stalin• Germany-Hitler• Italy-Mussolini• Leaders wanted:
– conflict power to the state worship of violence
• Leaders did not want:– liberal values economic freedom large middle class
2. The Political Spectrum2. The Political Spectrum
• Soviet Union Nazi Germany• left right• Seized private property allowed private
property• Crushed middle class kept middle class• For working class for capitalist• Communism Fascism
Stalin’s Soviet Union
3. The Early Years3. The Early Years• 1921- Russian economy ruined• Lenin’s New Economic Policy gives peasants
economic freedom• Agriculture and Manufacturing sectors grow
•4-1924- Lenin dies and Stalin takes power from Trotsky– Trotsky wanted world wide revolution– Stalin wanted “socialism in one country”
5. Five Year Plans5. Five Year Plans• Stalin declares economic war on kulaks ( rich
peasants )• Stalin “collectivizes” peasant lands
– State owns all land
6. Stalin establishes master plans for heavy industry to be carried out in 5 year increments– manufacturing improves dramatically– poor harvests result in famines– workers suffer low standards of living
6. Life under Stalin6. Life under Stalin• Education stressed-skilled elite emerge• Women gain equality at a price
– divorce and abortion made easier– women urged to work outside home– all professions open to women– women must work to support families
• Previous art replaced by state forms• History rewritten• Religion persecuted
7. The Great Purges7. The Great Purges• Stalin purges ( to rid ) old party faithful• People charged with crimes against state are
tried in large show trials and “confess”• 8 killed or sent to work camps• Hysteria grips country• New, younger converts educated in technical
schools take power under Stalin
Mussolini and Fascism in Italy
8. Mussolini takes power8. Mussolini takes power• Catholics, conservatives and landowners resist
democracy• Wartime reforms not delivered to workers• Italy upset with war settlement• Russian revolution inspires socialists• Mussolini’s fascists ( The Black Shirts ) uses violence
against socialists• Mussolini forces king to name him head of
government with march on Rome
9. Mussolini in Action9. Mussolini in Action• Fascists fix elections and kill socialist leader-
Matteoti• Mussolini builds a fascist one party Italy but
not a totalitarian state– conservatives still control army, economy and
state– Church supports Mussolini– Women suppressed– Jews left alone
Hitler and Nazism in Germany
10. Roots of Nazism10. Roots of Nazism• Nationalism
– Germans needed “living space”
• Capitalism and liberalism = excessive individualism
• Jews and Marxists lost the war for Germany
• Germans are a superior race-Darwinist• Need for a strong leader
Warm Up 3-19Where do these two posters
come from?What are each one about?
COVER PAGE OF GERMAN EDITIONS OF MEIN KAMPF WRITTEN IN 1924 WHILE HITLER WAS IMPRISONED FOR STAGING A
REVOLT
NAZI PROPAGA
NDA DEPICTIN
G THE IDEAL
GERMAN ARYAN
NAZI PROPAGANDA
DEPICTING THE IDEAL ARYAN MEMBER OF THE MASTER
RACE
EXAMPLES OF NAZI ANTISEMITISM
FINAL SOLUTION TO THE JEWISH PROBLEM
TREATY OF VERSAILLES,
EUROPE
1914 1919
TREATY OF VERSAILLES,TREATY OF VERSAILLES,GERMANYGERMANY
11. Hitler’s route to power11. Hitler’s route to power• Veteran of WWI• Begins German Workers Party• Jailed after failed attempt to overthrow Weimar
Republic• Writes Mein Kampf• 1924-1929 forms National Socialist German
Workers Party ( Nazi Party ) and takes advantage of depression to build party
• 1932- Nazis become largest party in Germany• 1933- Hitler named chancellor of Germany when
socialists and communists split coalition
Hitler entrenchesHitler entrenches• Reichstag ( German legislature ) Building fire
blamed on Communists• Hitler outlaws Communist Party and pushes
through the Enabling Act• His SS troops murder old Nazi thugs and thus
gains control of military• Secret police ( gestapo ) purges opponents• Nuremberg laws deprives Jews of citizenships• Kristallnacht is night of violence against Jews
12.How did Hitler keep power?12.How did Hitler keep power?• Propaganda• Fiery speeches• Involvement of Youth• Control of all sectors of life, culture• Higher standard of living• Greater opportunity• Nationalism
KRISTALLNACHT: HITLER BEGINS HIS EXTERMINATION CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE JEWS
VOLKSWAGEN: A CAR FOR ALMOST EVERY GERMAN FAMILY
Nazi expansion and W.W. II
13. Nazi Aggression13. Nazi Aggression• Hitler tells Europe he wants to overturn
Versailles treaty using “legal means”• 1933-Withdraws from League of Nations• 1935-establishes draft• 1936 -occupies demilitarized zone of the
Rhineland
German Aggression• Aggression
– Reoccupied the Rhineland, 1936– Allied with Italy & Japan
(Comintern Pact)– Declared the Anschluss –
annexed Austria unopposed
14. European Appeasement14. European Appeasement• British sign naval pact with Germans• French do not resist Rhineland occupation by
Germans• British feel guilty over Versailles Treaty• No one wants another world war• Many feel German demands to be “sensible”• Germans seen as a buffer against communism
Warm Up 3-25• How was the US an appeaser?
GERMANY, 1933
FEAR OF COMMUNISM
HORRORS OF WWI
15. Final Moves before WWII15. Final Moves before WWII• 1935-Italy attacks Ethiopia• Italy joins Germany in backing fascists in Spain• 1938-Hitler annexes Austria and demands part of
Czechoslovakia• British cave in to German demands• Hitler occupies all of Czechoslovakia• 1939-Germany and Russia sign non-aggression
pact• Germany invades Poland• Britain and France declare war on Germany-1939
HAILE SELLASSIE: EMPEROR OF
ETHIOPIA
SELLASSIE PLEADS FOR HELP FROM THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS, 1936
“SHOULD IT HAPPEN THAT A STRONG GOVERNMENT
FINDS IT MAY WITH IMPUNITY DESTROY A WEAK
PEOPLE, THEN THE HOUR STRIKES FOR THAT WEAK
PEOPLE TO APPEAL TO THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS TO
GIVE ITS JUDGMENT IN ALL FREEDOM.”
TESTING GROUND,
THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR: 1936 - 1939
REPUBLICAN DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT SUPPORTED BY:
FRANCO FASCIST NATIONALISTS
SUPPORTED BY:
USSR NAZI GERMANY
INTERNATIONALBRIGADES
FASCIST ITALY
Nazi-Soviet N.A. Pact
• 1939• Public implications• Private agreement
– Allignment– Division of Poland and
Eastern Europe
HITLER INVADES POLAND:SEPTEMBER 1, 1939
THE POLISH ARMY
WAS NO MATCH
FOR THE GERMANS
16. The Early War Years16. The Early War Years• Germans use blitzkrieg ( speed and force) to
gain early victories• Poland and France defeated early• Bombing of Britain begins• Germany turns towards Russia in 1941 but
stopped by winter• After Japan attacks Pearl Harbor Hitler
declares war on the U.S.
MAGINOT LINE
Blitzkrieg – Spring 1940• Previously
– Austria– Sudentenland– Czechoslovakia– Poland
• “Lightening War”– Norway– Denmark– Netherlands– Belgium– Luxembourg– France!!!
• All in under 10 weeks
TOOLS OF THE TOOLS OF THE BLITZKRIEGBLITZKRIEG
CUTAWAY VIEW OF THE CUTAWAY VIEW OF THE MAGINOT LINEMAGINOT LINE
Dunkirk• Surrender or Retreat by
Sea
• British RAF tried to keep the skies clear
• Every available ship or boat in Southern England transported trapped soldiers
• From May 26-June 4, 338,000 soldiers were transferred
GREAT BRITAIN GETS A NEW PRIME GREAT BRITAIN GETS A NEW PRIME MINISTER: WINSTON CHURCHILLMINISTER: WINSTON CHURCHILL
TO CONQUER GREAT BRITIAN HITLER WOULD HAVE TO CROSS TO CONQUER GREAT BRITIAN HITLER WOULD HAVE TO CROSS THE ENGLISH CHANNEL. FIRST HE WOULD HAVE TO DESTROY THE ENGLISH CHANNEL. FIRST HE WOULD HAVE TO DESTROY THE RAF (ROYAL AIR FORCE) AND GAIN CONTROL OF THE AIR.THE RAF (ROYAL AIR FORCE) AND GAIN CONTROL OF THE AIR.
PLANE TYPE PLANE TYPE AT START OF AT START OF AIR BATTLEAIR BATTLE
AUGUST 1940AUGUST 1940
GERMANLUFTWAFFE
ROYALAIRFORCE
BOMBERSBOMBERS 960 500
FIGHTERSFIGHTERS 760 700
PLANE LOSSES PLANE LOSSES AT END OF AT END OF BATTLE, BATTLE, MARCH 1941MARCH 1941
2840 PLANES
915 PLANES
STATISTICS OF THE BATTLESTATISTICS OF THE BATTLE OF BRITAINOF BRITAIN
PLANES OF THE BATTLE PLANES OF THE BATTLE OF BRITAINOF BRITAIN
BRITISH SPITFIRE BRITISH SPITFIRE FIGHTERFIGHTER
RUSSIAN MIXED TANK AND SKI INFANTRY TEAM ADVANCE ON GERMAN POSITIONS.
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
LOSSES
GERMAN
USSR
SOLDIERS KILLED, WOUNDED, SOLDIERS KILLED, WOUNDED, CAPTURED OR MISSING FROM JUNE CAPTURED OR MISSING FROM JUNE
1941 TO JAN 31, 1942. USSR NUMBERS 1941 TO JAN 31, 1942. USSR NUMBERS INCLUDE 3.35 MILLION SOLDIERS INCLUDE 3.35 MILLION SOLDIERS
CAPTURED CAPTURED
THE END AT STALINGRAD THE END AT STALINGRAD GERMAN PRISONERS, ONLY GERMAN PRISONERS, ONLY
5,000 OF THE 250,000 5,000 OF THE 250,000 CAPTURED RETURNED CAPTURED RETURNED
AFTER THE WARAFTER THE WAR
17. German “Maintenance”17. German “Maintenance”• Nordics treated with preference-Slavs
treated as sub-human• Poland evacuated for Germans• Prisoners of war sent to Germany to
work as slaves• Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah’s Witnesses and
communists exterminated
18. The Grand Alliance 18. The Grand Alliance • Russia, Britain, and U.S. form alliance• USA concentrates on Europe first• Americans/British think military then political• Allies demand unconditional surrender• USA sends aid to Britain and Russia• British and Russians resist German attacks• Resistance groups snipe at Germans
19. The Tide Turns19. The Tide Turns• Russians win at Stalingrad and take offensive
on eastern front
• Allies win pivotal battles in South Pacific• British drive Germans out of Northern Africa• Italians surrender but German continues fight
in Italy• Bombing of Germany keeps them fighting• Germany caught in vise by Allies finally
surrenders on May 7, 1945
Operation Barbarossa: USSR
• June 22, 1941• Why?• Surprise!
– Luftwaffe success
• Scorched-earth policy
• Stalin requests Allied aid, Aug 1941– North Route– South Route
02000400060008000
100001200014000160001800020000
GERMANY MODERNUSSR
TANKS
PLANES
ARTILLERY
ALTHOUGH THE USSR HAD MORE OF EVERYTHING MOST OF THEIR EQUIPMENT WAS OUT OF DATE AND COULD NOT STAND UP TO
MODERN GERMAN WEAPONS; BUT NEW MODELS OF TANKS WERE SUPERIOR TO
GERMAN WEAPONS
USSRUSSR
The Atomic Question…
APRIL 12TH 1945, VICE PRESIDENT HARRY TRUMAN TAKES THE OATH TO BECOME PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
STATES
TO SAVE LIVES AND END THE WAR
QUICKLY PRESIDENT TRUMAN
GAVE THE ORDER TO USE THE ATOMIC
BOMB ON JAPAN
THE FIRST ATOMIC BOMB WAS
DROPPED ON THE CITY OF
HIROSHIMAAUGUST 6TH, 1945, 70,000 KILLED AND EVEN MORE
WOUNDED
A SECOND ATOMIC BOMB WAS DROPPED
ON NAGASAKI AND THE JAPANESE
SURRENDEREDAUGUST 9TH, 40,000 KILLED
US Drops the A-bomb• August 6, 1945 @ Hiroshima• August 9, 1945 @ Nagasaki• September 2, 1945 Japan officially surrenders
The costs of war• Bloodiest war in
human history• Over 50 million dead• Land across Europe
and Asia was destroyed
• Gave totalitarian leaders a chance to eliminate civilians regarded as a threat
CountryMilitary
casualtiesCivilian
casualties
British Empire and
Commonwealth452.000 60.000
France 250.000 360.000
USA 295.000 ---
Soviet Union 13.600.000 7.700.000
Belgium 10.000 90.000
Holland 10.000 190.000
Norway 10.000 n/a
Poland 120.000 5.300.000
Greece 20.000 80.000
Yugoslavia 300.000 1.300.000
Checoslovaquia 20.000 330.000
China 3.500.000 10.000.000
Country Military casualties Civilian casualties
Germany 3.250.000 3.810.000
Austria 230.000 80.000
Italy 330.000 85.000
Rumania 200.000 465.000
Hungary 120.000 280.000
Bulgaria 10.000 7.000
Finland 90.000 n/a
Japan 1.700.000 360.000