MATTER• WE WILL ADDRESS TWO SEPARATE QUESTIONS
REGARDING HOW MATTER IS ORGANIZED
• IT IS IMPORTANT TO KEEP IN MIND THESE ARE 2 SEPARATE QUESTIONS:
• 1. WHAT TYPE OF MATTER IS IT?
• IT WILL BE EITHER AN ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
• 2. WHAT ARE THE SMALLEST PARTICLES OF THIS MATTER?
• IT WILL BE EITHER ATOMS OR MOLECULES
ATOMS VS. MOLECULES• REMEMBER THAT MANY SAMPLES OF
PURE ELEMENTS CONSIST OF INDIVIDUAL ATOMS.
• OFTEN IN NATURE ELEMENTS REACT WITH ONE ANOTHER TO FORM NEW SUBSTANCES.
• WHEN THIS HAPPENS ATOMS BECOME BONDED TO OTHER ATOMS.
• THIS COLLECTION OF ATOMS BONDED TOGETHER IS CALLED A MOLECULE.
Atoms Molecule
ELEMENTS VS. COMPOUNDS
• WHILE SOME EVERYDAY MATTER IS ELEMENTS MOST IS NOT PURE ELEMENTS AND ARE CALLED COMPOUNDS.
• ELEMENTS
• COLLECTIONS OF PURE INDIVIDUAL ATOMS ARE CALLED ELEMENTS.
• FOR EXAMPLE
• COLLECTIONS OF MOLECULES THAT ARE MADE FROM ONLY ONE KIND OF ATOM ARE ELEMENTS
• FOR EXAMPLE OXYGEN - O2, SULFUR - S8
Neon Ne, Helium He
• COMPOUNDS
• COLLECTIONS OF PURE INDIVIDUAL MOLECULES MADE UP OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF ATOMS ARE CALLED COMPOUNDS.
• THE MOLECULES CONTAIN AT LEAST 2 DIFFERENT ELEMENTS
• FOR EXAMPLE H2O, CO2, C6H12O6
ELEMENTS VS. COMPOUNDS
SPECIAL TYPES OF COMPOUNDS• THERE ARE A FEW CATEGORIES OF COMPOUNDS THAT ARE OF SPECIAL INTEREST
• ORGANIC
• ALL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS HAVE MOLECULES THAT ARE FORMED FROM CARBON ATOMS
• THE ELEMENT CARBON AND THE COMPOUNDS THAT FORM FROM IT ARE THE BASIS OF ALL LIVING SYSTEMS INCLUDING HUMAN LIFE.
• EXAMPLES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS INCLUDE PROTEINS, FATS, GLUCOSE, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS INCLUDING GASOLINE, ALCOHOLS
SPECIAL TYPES OF COMPOUNDS• POLYMERS
• MOST BUT NOT ALL POLYMERS ARE ALSO ORGANIC BECAUSE THEY CONTAIN CARBON
• COMPOUNDS MADE UP OF VERY LARGE MOLECULES THAT HAVE REPEATING GROUPS OF ATOMS.
• THE REPEATING GROUPS OF ATOMS ARE KNOWN AS MONOMERS
• THE MONOMER GROUPS COMBINE TO FORM MOLECULES THAT ARE LONG CHAINS
• SOME POLYMERS EXIST IN NATURE AND MANY ARE MAN MADE.
• EXAMPLES OF POLYMERS INCLUDE:
• PLASTIC ITEMS• PAINTS, SEALANTS AND
ADHESIVES
• PROTEINS• COMSMETIC ITEMS LIKE
HAIR GEL, HAIR SPRAY
SPECIAL TYPES OF COMPOUNDS
SPECIAL TYPES OF COMPOUNDS
• Inorganic compounds (AKA Salts) • Formed when a metal
combines with one or more nonmetals
• Solids at room temperature but most will dissolve in water.
• Examples:• Table Salt – Sodium Chloride
– NaCl• Road Salt – Calcium chloride
- CaCl2
• Chalk – Calcium carbonate – CaCO3
CHEMICAL BONDS• CHEMICAL BONDS ARE
FORCES OF ATTRACTION THAT HOLD ATOMS TOGETHER
• BONDS FORM WHEN THE OUTERMOST ELECTRONS OF ATOMS INTERACT.
• THERE ARE TWO MOST COMMON TYPES OF BONDS
1. IONIC BONDS
2. COVALENT BONDS
IONIC BONDS• Ionic bonds form when one atom
gives up one or more electrons to another atom.
• Metals tend to give up electrons and become positively charged• Called cations
• Nonmetals tend to accept or gain electrons and become negatively charged• Called Anions
• Example – Table salt which is sodium chloride (NaCl)
COVALENT BONDS• COVALENT BONDS FORM
WHEN TWO ATOMS SHARE THEIR OUTERMOST ELECTRONS
• BY SHARING ELECTRONS BOTH ATOMS WIND UP WITH A FULL OUTTER SHELL OF ELECTRONS.
• EXAMPLES – WATER - H2O
TYPES OF MATTERType of Matter
Element Compound
Individual Atoms
2 or more like atoms combined
Example: Oxygen O2,
Sulfur S8
Atoms of At least 2 different elements bonded
Example: Water H2OGlucose C6H12O6
Example: Helium HeNeon Ne
Could be: Could be:
Must b
e