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Atoms and the Periodic Atoms and the Periodic TableTable
Chapter 8Chapter 8
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Visible light consists of electromagnetic waves
Electromagnetic radiation: emission and transmission of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves.
Speed of light (c) in vacuum = 3.00 x 108 m/s
Fig. 7.2
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Fig. 7.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
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White light is separated into its color
components by a prism
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White light is separated into its color
components by a diffraction grating
The tracks of a compact disc act as a diffraction grating,producing a separation of the colors of white light.
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Line Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen Atoms
Fig 8.8 (A) Continuous spectrum (B) Line spectrum
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Fig 8.9 Three series in the H atom line spectrum
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First recorded emission spectrum of the sun (1817)
intensity
wavelength
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1. e− can only have specific (quantized) energy values
2. e− in an orbit does not emit radiant energy
3. Light is emitted as e- moves from a higher orbit to a lower orbit
4. Light must be absorbed to move an e− from a lower to a higher orbit
Bohr’s Model of the Atom (1913)
Fig 8.10
e-
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Fig 8.11 Energy level diagram for the H atom
Ephoton = EH - EL
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E = hf
E = hf
Low energyHigh energy
Egreen > Ered
The bigger the jump,the bluer the photon
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Electron configurations of some atoms
Valence electrons ≡ electrons in outermost shell
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Fig 8.18 Electron dot notation for representative elements1A
2A 3A
8A
4A 5A 6A 7A
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Elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number
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Metals
• good conductors of heat and electricity
• shiny, ductile, malleable
• all solids with one exception
Nonmetals
• poor conductors
• dull appearance, brittle
• consist of solids, liquids, and gases
Physical Properties of the ElementsPhysical Properties of the Elements
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Period
Group
Alkali M
etal
Noble G
as
Halogen
Alkali E
arth Metal
p 237
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Chemistry In ActionNatural abundance of elements in Earth’s crust
Natural abundance of elements in human body