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Atomic Structure
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History
400 B.C. – Democritus proposed all matter was made up of small particles called atoms
Atomic numbers were assigned to elements by Henry Moseley
1913- Niels Bohr described the planetary model of the atom
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Planetary model
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The Shell Model
The more accurate model puts a cloud around the nucleus and electrons move about in shells
Each shell can hold so many electrons Little energy in the most inner shell so only 2
electrons can be found there. The farther you get from the nucleus, the more
electrons a shell can hold
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The atoms makeup
This shell model of a hydrogen atom or lead atom is made up of the same general parts.
A nucleus made up of protons (1 in Hydrogen and 82 in Lead) and neutrons (usually the same amount as the protons)
Floating around the nucleus are electrons
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Mass of Subatomic Particles
Particle Charge Mass compared Actual Mass
to electron
Electron Negative 1 9.11x10-31
Proton Positive 1836 1.673x10-27
Neutron Neutral 1841 1.675x10-27
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Charges
The three subatomic particles as they are called have different charges
Protons- (+) Neutrons- no charge Electrons- (-)
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Atomic Mass
The mass of an atom is equal to the number of protons and neutrons found in the nucleus
If an atom of carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons, its mass is 12
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Atomic Number
The atomic number found above the chemical symbol is equal to the number of protons the atom has
An atom with 19 protons has to be potassium (K)
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Chemical Names
Why is Co different from CO? Co is Cobalt CO is carbon monoxide Be sure to use upper and lower case properly
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Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes
Hydrogen can have 0, 1, or 2 neutrons in it’s nucleus
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Misc. Facts Hydrogen is the most abundant element. It makes
up almost 90% of all atoms. As well it was the 1st element to exist
Fused hydrogen atoms formed inside stars and this created the other elements
Most atoms formed when the universe began and are constantly being recycled
Atoms that make up ‘you’ are billions of years old
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Names w/ 1 letter that begins name
Names w/ 2 letters and both letters are start of name
Names w/ 2 letters and 1st letter starts and second is
heard later in name
Symbol has nothing to do with name
Carbon Neon Magnesium Sodium
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Chapter Review (class work)
Try to complete #5, 6, and 7.
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Protons have a positive charge
A. True
B. False
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C-12 is a radioactive isotope used in carbon dating fossils
A. True
B. False
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The charge of a neutron is
A. negative
B. No charge
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The number of electrons that can fit in the 1st shell is
A. 8
B. 2
C. 18
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The electron has more mass than the proton and neutron
A. Yes
B. No
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The atomic number of carbon is
A. 12.01115
B. 12
C. 6
D. C
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The element symbol of helium is
A. H
B. 2
C. He
D. Helium
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The mass number of C-14 is 14
A. True
B. False
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Play-doh Lab Partner up Create a 3 dimensional model of an atom using play-doh
and beads. It must be the shell model Your atom must have an atomic number between 6 and
12. On a separate sheet draw your atom and label the
following: Protons, neutrons, electrons, nucleus, electron cloud, any and all shells
Write down the name, atomic number, atomic mass, and symbol