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Atomic Quantum sensors in space
W. ErtmerInstitute of Quantum Optics (IQ)
University of Hannover, Germany
From Quantum to Cosmos Airlie Center, May 22-24, 2006
Fundamental Physics Research in Space
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Ato
m O
ptic
s at
the
IQOptical Clocks
Quantum Probes
Quantum Matter
Gravity Mapping
Gravitomagnetism
EP-Tests
Fundamental Physics in Space
Quantum
Mechanics
Special Relativity Gravity
Fundamental Constants
ATOM INTERFEROMETRY
CLOCK TESTS
QUANTUM MATTER
Laser Ranging
Symmetry
Speed of light
Decoherence
Ultra-low temperature
Fine-structure constant
„Variable“ constants
Gravitational Constant
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Atom Interferometry
Fields of interest:• Inertial standards and references• Gravimeters
• earth observation• testing of relativistic effects and gravity
• Testing the weak equivalence principle
• Drag-free sensors
IQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
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Ato
m-L
ight
Inte
rfero
met
er
|e⟩
|g⟩
position
timeS ∼ cos[(φ3 - φ2)-(φ2 - φ1)]
Signal at the output ports
MIRROR
See e.g. : Ch. J. Bordé, Gen. Rel. Grav. 36, (2004), 475
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Sagnac-Effekt
Rotational induced Phase shift:
Gain by de Broglie-waves : ∼ 1011
for Light :
for Atoms :
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- Tidal forces
- Earth rotation
- Seismic
- Relativistic effects
- Variation of earth rotation
- Galactic rotation
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
10-9
10-10
10-3
10-2
10-1
10-0
10-11
10-12
our goal (single shot)
ΩE ≈ 7,2·10-5 rad/s
EE ΩΔΩ /
Gravity Probe B
VLBI
Resolution:
10-8 – 10-9 rad
in 24 h
Resolution:
10-9 rad in 1 year
Resolution:
10-10 – 10-11
rad/s √Hz-1
Ringlaser
Different Methods:
Rotation sensingIQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
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Atom Interferometry
Benefits of atoms:• quantum standards• intrinsic gain by matter wave of 1010
compared to light• ideal microscopic test masses• Alternative and complementary technique
Ring Laser Gyroscope
IQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
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Col
d A
tom
s! ⋅=Δ AmAtomrot
r
h
2ϕ Ωr
TvTvA 1recrrr
×=1
11
rec vLv
vLvA r
rr
rr×=
( )
( )ϑ
ϑ
cosΩv
vL
cosΩA
1
rec2 ⋅⋅=
⋅⋅
1<<1v
vA recL2=
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Quantum Sensors
IQ activities
CASIAtomic Sagnac Interferometer
QUANTUSBEC in microgravity
ATLASCoherent source for atom
interferometryFINAQS
IQ-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
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Cold Atom Sagnac Interferometer
• double interferometer for differential measurement• discrimination of rotation and acceleration
• transportable setup• stability and control• big enclosed area
• Investigation of different measurement strategies and• interferometer topologies • flexible configuration (online switching)
1vr+ 1vr−
Cold atoms
IQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
S1 ∼ cos( ϕrot+ϕacc)S2 ∼ cos( -ϕrot+ϕacc)
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CASI: concept
Source 1
Preparation
Source 2
InterferometerDetection
15 cm
3mm
• Interferometer in Mach-Zehnder-type topology• (spatial and/or temporal domain possible)
• Two photon Raman transitions as beam splitters
• intense and flexible sources of cold 87Rb atoms
• sensitivity: 10-9 rad/s Hz-1/2
C. Jentsch, T. Müller, E. Rasel, and W. Ertmer, Gen. Rel. Grav, 36, 2197 (2004)
IQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
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Experimental details:Atomic source
• Two-stage concept:• 2D-MOT delivering high flux
(4x1010at/s) of cold atoms
• flux enhancement by
additional pushing beam
• 3D-MOT/molasses as second cooling stage • flexible molasses configuration
for systematic studies
IQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
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Experimental details:Raman laser system
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
Phase noise of 2 identical µ-Wave sources @7,024 GHz
Sφ(
f) [d
B ra
d2 /Hz]
f [Hz]
-4,0M -2,0M 0,0 2,0M 4,0M-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
Ampl
.[dB
m]
f [MHz]
Beatnote Laser @6,83GHzRBW 10kHzAVG 100
• Optical PLL of two high power
diode-laser-systems
(>0,5 W each short pulses)
• Minimal phase error withultra stable µ-wave reference(collaboration withLNM-SYRTE)
IQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
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Current status
• double interferometer in time domain
• Currently improving dominant noise sources (preparation,
detection)
Ramsey-type
experiment for
evaluating frequency
dependent shifts
IQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
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CASI next steps
• Rotation sensing (time domain interferometry, summer 2006)
~ (10-7 rad/s Hz-1/2)
• Stepwise enhancement of resolution to final sensitivity
signal integration
• Characterization of different measurement types & topologies
• New types/additional beam splitters for further resolution
increasing
IQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
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CASI future plans
• Exploring the quantum (and technical) limits
microgravity
• HYPER mission: ESA assessment study performed
• Technical feasibility confirmed (ESA assessment study report, ESA-SCI (2000), 10)
• Ultimate limitation: atomic temperature
Need for ultracold
atoms !!
Star Sensor (4)
PCU
Sun Sensor 2Wire Antenna
Sun Sensor 1
MicrowaveConverter
FEEP Thrusters
(4x4)
Gyros (4)
Laser Bench
Cold GasThrusters Transponder (2)
Battery
LGA (2)
Fuel Tank for coldgas thrusters
MicrowaveOscillator
IQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
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Benefits of microgravity
Atomic clocksin space
Pilot project „QU
AN
TUS“
Quantum matter
in µ-gravity
Coherent source
for space
• very low noise• no levitation• large, shallow
traps•femto-Kelvin
Gain in resolution
Inertial sensors in space
IQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
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QUANTUS
Quantum Matter in Microgravity(Quantensysteme unter Schwerelosigkeit)
IQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
Quantus
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The QUANTUS Team
German aerospace center
University of Hannover
W. ErtmerE. M. RaselT. v. Zoest
University of Berlin
A. PetersW.Lewoczko
University of Hamburg
K. SengstockK. BongsA. VogelS. Wildfang
MPQ Munich
T. HänschJ. ReichelT. Steinmetz
MPQ Munich
T. HänschJ. ReichelT. Steinmetz
ZARM Bremen
H.-J. DittusC. LämmerzahlT. KönemannW. Brinkmann
IQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
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The drop tower facility Bremen
• 4 to 9 seconds free fall
• 110 meters height
• 3 drops per day
• 10-6 g residual acceleration
• 50 g deceleration at impact
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
0
10
20
30
40
50
z-B
esch
leun
igun
g [g
]
Zeit [ms]
IQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
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Boundary conditions for droptowerexperiments
286 cmPayload area: 173 cm height, 60 cm diameter
Maximum weight: 500 kg, thereof 234 kg for payload
Capacity of the onboard battery pack: 25 Ah
Cooling power: 2.3 kW
Remote controlled experiment
IQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
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Experimental setup I
• Small and robust design for applicationsunder microgravity/space conditions
• One chamber design due to spacelimitations
• BEC will be realized on a micro trap-Chip
IQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
LIAD with selective short wavelength (395 nm) for effective desorbing
C. Klempt, T. van Zoest, T. Henninger, O. Topic, E. Rasel, W. Ertmer, and J. Arlt; Phys Rev A 73, 013410, (2006)
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Loading procedure
Loading atoms into „external“ MOT with bigger trapping volume (2-3 mm away from chip surface)
Transfer into „Chip-MOT“, BIAS coils generate together with chip wire quadrupole-field at position of magnetic trap (300 µm away from chip surface)
After molasses cooling, atoms are transferred into magnetic trap.
IQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
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Laser setup
20 c
m
45 cm
• Robust laser design for implementation in drop capsule
• Modular design guarantees flexible setup
• Connection between modules via polarization maintaining fibers
IQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
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Laser component drop test
0 2000 4000 6000
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Leis
tung
TA
[V]
-20 0 20 40 60 80
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
time [ms]
z-Be
schl
euni
gung
[g]
9.2
9.6
10.0
10.4
10.8
8 %
TA o
ut [V
]
• Intensity more than 95% after impact
• Small intensity fluctuations during release
IQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
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Status & next steps
• 1,2 x 107 atoms loaded into Mirror-MOT
• 1,0 x 107 atoms loaded into Chip-MOT
• Currently loading magnetic trap and test of evaporation ramp
• Assembled all subsystems into the drop capsule
Next steps
• First launch in September 2006
• Analysis of first BEC under µ-gravity conditions
• Investigation of other chip structures
avenue to space experiments
IQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
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Perspectives: ATV
• Maiden Flight: 2007- annual flights
• BEC apparatus 25% of 1 ATV rack
• µg-quality <10-6g
• Weight < 200 kg / power << 1000 W
• Drop tower experiment is a big step in space qualification (eventually parabolic flights)
• Flight opportunity before 2010?
IQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
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FINAQSFuture Inertial Quantum Sensors
„Harnessing atoms at their quantum limit“
EU – project
Involved Institutes:
• University of Hannover, Germany
• Humboldt-University of Berlin, Germany
• IOTA, Paris, France
• LENS, Florence, Italy
• SYRTE, Paris, France
FINAQS
IQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
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FINAQS: scientific goals
• Explore quantum limits of inertial sensors
• Investigate potential of atom lasers and degenerate quantum gases for use in inertial quantum sensors
• Study and development of new concepts for coherent matter wave optics
• Implement new sensors as test beds
Hannover University: (ATLAS)
design of a compact atom laser source
FINAQS
IQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
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ATLAS
Atom laser by all-optical means
Advantages:• Trapping of all mF-sub-states• Production of different species• Fast production of BEC• No magnetic fields
Picture: J. Nes et al., IQ, ATOMICS
IQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
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ConclusionIQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
• Atomic quantum sensors represent a rapidly growing field for research in general physics.
• Different complementary projects ongoing at IQ.
• Growing networks and collaborations for a full exploration of the high potential of this field.
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The teams
E.M. RaselW. E.•CASI:
T. MüllerT. WendrichM. Gilowski(C. Jentsch)SYRTE, Paris •ATLAS:
M. ZaiserSYRTE, ParisIOTA, ParisLENS, FlorenceHU, Berlin
•QUANTUS:T. van ZoestZARM, BremenHU, BerlinUniversity of HamburgMPQ, MunichUniversity ofUlm
Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
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OpticalClocks
Quantum Probes
Quantum Matter
ENOUGH SPACE FOR EXCITING EXPERIMENTS
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COSMIC VISION Beyond the Standard Model
Schiff-effect measured by HYPER
θ
y
x
Ω
Signature for HYPER
0.5 1 1.5 2
3
2
1
1
2
310-14 rad/s
t/TOrbit
y
x
Lense-Thirring-Rotation:
θ
y
x
Ω
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Hyper
…performance
• 2 atomic MOTs• Launch of 109 at @ 2µK • with 20 cm/s, 2TDrift = 3 s • Length: 60 cm
• ΩSNL=4·10-12 rad/s/√Hz• ASNL
= 10-12 g/√Hz • per shot, 0.3 Hz
IQO-Teams
MOTIVATION
CASI•Concept•Key elements•Status•Next steps•Future
HYPER
QUANTUS•Team•Drop tower•Exp. Setup•Lasers•Status & Next steps•Perspectives
FINAQS•Atlas
Conclusion
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Gravity Mapping
Gravito-Magnetism
EP-Tests
Fundamental Physics in Space
Quantum
Mechanics
Special Relativity Gravity
Fundamental Constants
ATOM INTERFEROMETRY
CLOCK TESTS
QUANTUM MATTER
Laser Ranging
Symmetry
Speed of light
Decoherence
Ultra-low temperature
Fine-structure constant
„Variable“ constants
Gravitational Constant