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FrPNC @ TRIUMFAtomic Parity Violation in
FranciumSeth AubinCollege of William and Mary
PANIC 2011 Conference, MIT
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FrPNC collaborationS. Aubin (College of William and Mary)
J. A. Behr, K. P. Jackson, M. R. Pearson (TRIUMF)
V. V. Flambaum (U. of New South Wales, Australia)
E. Gomez (U. Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Mexico)
G. Gwinner, R. Collister (U. of Manitoba)
D. Melconian (Texas A&M)
L. A. Orozco, J. Zhang (U. of Maryland at College Park)
G. D. Sprouse (SUNY Stony Brook)
Y. Zhao (Shanxi U., China)
Funding
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Atomic Parity Violation: Basic Processes
e- e-
N N
γ
e- e-
N N
Z0
e- e-
N N
γ
W±,Z0 exchange in nucleus
Standard Electromagnetic
Interaction
(parity conserving)
Z0 exchange
Electron-Nucleon PNC
(nuclear spin-independent)
Intra-nuclear PNC
Anapole moment
(nuclear spin-dependent)
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Atomic Parity Violation: Basic Processes
e- e-
N N
γ
e- e-
N N
Z0
e- e-
N N
γ
W±,Z0 exchange in nucleus
Standard Electromagnetic
Interaction
(parity conserving)
Z0 exchange
Electron-Nucleon PNC
(nuclear spin-independent)
Intra-nuclear PNC
Anapole moment
(nuclear spin-dependent)
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Motivation 1:Nuclear Spin-Independent PNC
e- e-
N N
Z0
Z0 exchange
Electron-Nucleon PNC
(nuclear spin-independent)
)(2 51, rGH nsiPNC
rδγκ=
The Hamiltonian for this interaction:(infinitely heavy nucleon approximation)
G = Fermi constant = 10-5/mp2
Proton:
Neutron:
( ) 04.0sin41 221
,1 ≈−= Wp θκ5.0,1 −=nκ
Ae
VN
[Standard Model values for κ1, (p,n)]
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Motivation 1:Nuclear Spin-Independent PNC
Z0 exchangeElectron-Nucleons PNC
(nuclear spin-independent)
For a nucleus with Z protons and N neutrons:
)(22 5, rQGH weak
nsiPNCrργ=
Qweak = weak charge of nucleus ≈ -N
= 2(κ1,p Z + κ1,n N)
e- e-
nucleons
Z0
Ae
VN
nucleons
ondistributinucleon )( =rrρ
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Motivation 1:Testing and Probing the Weak Interaction
Parity Violation = Unique Probe of Weak Interaction
Atomic PNC (APV) experiments test and constrain the Standard Model
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Motivation 1:Testing and Probing the Weak Interaction
Parity Violation = Unique Probe of Weak Interaction
Atomic PNC (APV) experiments test and constrain the Standard Model
[figure from Young et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 122003 (2007)]
Effective e--quark couplings C1u & C1d
[figure by G. Gwinner, adapted from Erler et al. Phys. Rev. D 72, 073003 (2005)]
Weak mixing angle
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Atomic PNC
OddParity )(22 5, == rQGH weak
nsiPNCrργ
⇒ Electron wavefunction does not have a definite parity !!!
SP P
PS S
PNC
PNC
ε
ε
+→
+→⇒
Parity forbidden transitions become possible (slightly) !!!
(Cs) 10~ 113,
−∝ RZnsiPNCε
relativistic enhancement factor
( )( ) ≈CsFr
nsiPNC
nsiPNC
,
,
εε 18
Francium advantage:
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Motivation 2:Nuclear Spin-Dependent PNC
e- e-
N N
γ
W±,Z0 exchange in nucleus
Intra-nuclear PNC
Anapole moment
Hyperfine Interaction+
NSI - Z0 exchange(nuclear spin-dependent)
e- e-
N N
Z0
Z0 exchangeElectron-Nucleon PNC(vector) (axial)
Ve
AN
e- e-
N N
γZ0
Ae
VN
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What’s an Anapole Moment ?e- e-
N N
γ
W±,Z0 exchange in nucleus
e- e-
N N
γ
W±,Z0 exchange in nucleus
Answer:Electromagnetic moment produced by a toroidal current.
Time-reversal conserving.PNC toroidal current.Localized moment, contact interaction.
[A. Weis, U. Fribourg (2003)]
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Motivation 2:Nuclear Anapole Moment
e- e-
N N
γ
W±,Z0 exchange in nucleus
Anapole moment
( ) )()12 ),(, rI
IIKGH npanapolensdPNC
rrrρακ ⋅
+=
For heavy atoms, the anapole moment term dominates.
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Motivation 2:Nuclear Anapole Moment
e- e-
N N
γ
W±,Z0 exchange in nucleus
Anapole moment
( ) )()12 ),(, rI
IIKGH npanapolensdPNC
rrrρακ ⋅
+=
For heavy atoms, the anapole moment term dominates.
( )( )
momentumangularorbitalnucleonvalencel
spinnuclearIIK lI
12/1 2/1
==
−+= ++
( ) 3/2
0
,,),( ~10
9 NZrm
gp
npnpnpanapole +=αμ
κ
radiusnucleonrmomentmagneticnucleon
====
fm2.1~
137/1
0
μα
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Motivation 2:Nuclear Anapole Moment
e- e-
N N
γ
W±,Z0 exchange in nucleus
Anapole moment
( ) )()12 ),(, rI
IIKGH npanapolensdPNC
rrrρακ ⋅
+=
For heavy atoms, the anapole moment term dominates.
( )( )
momentumangularorbitalnucleonvalencel
spinnuclearIIK lI
12/1 2/1
==
−+= ++
( ) 3/2
0
,,),( ~10
9 NZrm
gp
npnpnpanapole +=αμ
κ
radiusnucleonrmomentmagneticnucleon
====
fm2.1~
137/1
0
μα
10.2 and 4~ << np gg characterizethe nucleon-nucleus weak potential.
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Motivation 2:Isovector & Isoscalar Nucleon Couplings
Cs anapole (Boulder) and low-energy nuclear PNC measurements produce conflicting constraints on weak meson-nucleon couplings.(Desplanques, Donoghue, and Holstein model)
[Haxton et al., Phys. Rev. C 65, 045502 (2002) and 6Li(n,α) from Vesna Phys. Rev. C 77, 035501 (2008)]
Need to understand nuclear structure
better.
Measure anapole in a string of Fr isotopes
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Motivation 2:Isovector & Isoscalar Nucleon Couplings
[Behr and Gwinner, J. Phys. G 36, 033101 (2009)]
Francium isotopes provide orthogonal
constraints !!!
( )( ) ≈CsFr
anapolePNC
anapolePNC
,
,
εε 11
Francium advantage:
( )( ) ≈CsFr
anapolePNC
anapolePNC
,
,
εε 11( )
( ) ≈CsFr
anapolePNC
anapolePNC
,
,
εε 11
Francium advantage:
N=even
N=odd
Cs anapole (Boulder) and low-energy nuclear PNC measurements produce conflicting constraints on weak meson-nucleon couplings.(Desplanques, Donoghue, and Holstein model)
[Haxton et al., Phys. Rev. C 65, 045502 (2002) and 6Li(n,α) from Vesna Phys. Rev. C 77, 035501 (2008)]
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FrPNC program:Atomic PNC Experiments in Francium
Fr is the heaviest of the simple (alkali atoms).Electronic structure is well understood.Particle/nuclear physics can be reliably extracted.
Fr has large (relatively) PNC mixing.εPNC ~ 10-10 is still really really small … we’re going to need a lot of Fr.
Fr does not exist sufficiently in nature.
+dipole trap
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Atomic PNC in Fr (NSI)
F’
F
F’
F
7S1/2
8S1/2
7P3/2
7P1/2506 nmE1
“forbidden”
F’
F
F’
F
7S1/2
8S1/2
7P3/2
7P1/2506 nmE1
“forbidden”
Excitation to continuum(ionization)
506 nm
506 nm
718 nm817 nm
1.3 μm1.7 μm
Fr atoms(trapped)
k
EStark
BDC
( )StarkDCPNC EkBrrr
×⋅∝ε
( ) 2*2
2
Re2 PNCPNCStarkStark
PNCStark
AAAA
AARateTransition
+±=
±=
Amplification by Stark Interference
Statistical Sensitivity:
M1 is strongly suppressed.
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Anapole Moment in Fr
New Method: Anapole can be measured by driving a parity forbidden E1 transition between two hyperfine states with ΔF=±1, ΔmF=±1.
π/2 pulse preparation: the atoms are prepared in a 50/50 superposition of the initial and final states (equivalent to interference amplification) before application of the microwave driving E-field.
FmF ,
',' FmF
2/17S E1PNCM1
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Anapole Moment in Fr
New Method: Anapole can be measured by driving a parity forbidden E1 transition between two hyperfine states with ΔF=±1, ΔmF=±1.
π/2 pulse preparation: the atoms are prepared in a 50/50 superposition of the initial and final states (equivalent to interference amplification) before application of the microwave driving E-field.
FmF ,
',' FmF
2/17S E1PNCM1
( )microwaveDCanapole EMBrrr
×⋅∝ 2/1πε
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Anapole Moment in Fr
New Method: Anapole can be measured by driving a parity forbidden E1 transition between two hyperfine states with ΔF=±1, ΔmF=±1.
π/2 pulse preparation: the atoms are prepared in a 50/50 superposition of the initial and final states (equivalent to interference amplification) before application of the microwave driving E-field.
FmF ,
',' FmF
2/17S E1PNCM1
for Emicrowave~0.5 kV/cm and 106 atoms.
120~ −−− HznoisetoSignal
[E. Gomez et al., Phys. Rev. A 75, 033418 (2007)]
( )microwaveDCanapole EMBrrr
×⋅∝ 2/1πε
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Simulating Fr Anapole with Rb
180 ms coherence time in blue-detuned dipole trap
(π/2 pulse with Rb)
phasePNC
PNC
A
ARateTransition
θcos4/1
2/1 2
±≈
±=
Simulating the PNC Interference
APNC simulated with 10-4 M1 transition
[Data by D. Sheng (Orozco Group, U. of Maryland)]
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FrPNC: Current StatusPresent: Construction of an on-line, shielded laser laboratory at TRIUMF with 100 db RF suppression.
Fall 2011: (14 shifts in December)Installation of high efficiency MOT (from U. of Maryland).
2012: Physics starts !!!
Hyperfine anomaly (Pearson), 7S-8S M1 (Gwinner), Anapole (Orozco), optical PNC (Gwinner), …
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FrPNC collaborationS. Aubin (College of William and Mary)
J. A. Behr, K. P. Jackson, M. R. Pearson (TRIUMF)
V. V. Flambaum (U. of New South Wales, Australia)
E. Gomez (U. Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Mexico)
G. Gwinner, R. Collister (U. of Manitoba)
D. Melconian (Texas A&M)
L. A. Orozco, J. Zhang (U. of Maryland at College Park)
G. D. Sprouse (SUNY Stony Brook)
Y. Zhao (Shanxi U., China)
Funding
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Outline
Theory
A. Motivation 1: Spin-independent PNCTesting the electroweak standard model.
B. Motivation 2: Spin-dependent PNCNuclear anapole moment.
Weak meson-nucleon couplings problem.
Experiment
1. The FrPNC programMethods.
Expected sensitivities.
2. Current Status
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Motivation 2:Nuclear Spin-Dependent PNC
e- e-
N N
γ
W±,Z0 exchange in nucleus
Anapole moment
e- e-
N N
Z0
NSD - Z0 exchange
Ve
AN
PNC “Hyperfine Interaction”
e- e-
N N
γZ0
Ae
VN
( ) ( ) )()12
1),(2
2/1),(, rI
IIKGH
WQKI
npKK
npanapolensdPNCrrr
ρκκκα +− +−⋅+
=
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What’s an Anapole Moment ?e- e-
N N
γ
W±,Z0 exchange in nucleus
e- e-
N N
γ
W±,Z0 exchange in nucleus
Answer:Electromagnetic moment produced by a toroidal current.
Time-reversal conserving.PNC toroidal current.Localized moment, contact interaction.
[figure from V. V. Flambaum, Atomic Physics 16: ICAP 16., edited by W. E. Baylis and G. W. F. Drake (AIP, 1998)]
)(~ raeHanapole δα rr⋅=
npnpanapole jjjKG
e
rJrrda
,),(
23
)1(21
)(r
rrr
κ
π
+=
−= ∫
nucleon angular momentum
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FrPNC program:Atomic PNC Experiments in Francium
Fr is the heaviest of the simple (alkali atoms).Electronic structure is well understood.Particle/nuclear physics can be reliably extracted.
Fr has large (relatively) PNC mixing.εPNC ~ 10-10 is still really really small … we’re going to need a lot of Fr.
Fr does not exist sufficiently in nature.
ISAC facility @ TRIUMF500 MeV protons (2 μA) on UC (30 g/cm2).
Demonstrated production: 107-108 Fr/s+dipole trap
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M1 suppressionM1 hyperfine transition mimics E1PNC and must be suppressed by 109 !!!
a) Suppress Bmicrowave:
Fabri-Perot cavity: Place atoms at B node, E anti-node.
Suppression: 5×10-3.
b) Selection rule:
Bmicrowave // BDC can only drive ΔmF=0 transitions.
Suppression:10-3.
b) Dynamical averaging:
When atoms slosh around the B node, the M1 is further averaged away.
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Neutron nuclear skin radius
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Motivation 1:Sensitivity to Std. Model extensions
Atomic PNC experiments are sensitive to certain high-energy extensions of the Standard Model.
[figure from G. Gwinner and adapted from D. Budker, WEIN 98.]
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Outline
Justification 1: Low-energy parity violation sensitivity to extra neutral bosons.
Justification 2: Anapole moment resolve nucleon-meson weak couplings discrepancy (Cs133 anapole vs. F18/19 gamma)
Why francium?
Brief of History of francium experiments.
Z0 experiment
expected sensitivity.
Anapole experiment
expected sensitivity.
Challenges of an accelerator environment … shielding necessary!!!
Current status: group members, funding, shielded laboratory.
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